The Impact of a Regular Mindfulness Practice on Teachers: A Critical Review

Authors

Keywords:

mindfulness, well-being, , social and emotional competencies, emotion regulation, prosocial values

Abstract

Teaching can be a highly stressful profession and educators have become increasingly concerned about their mental health and well-being since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, mindfulness has emerged in the literature as an effective intervention to alleviate educators’ stress levels and improve psychological difficulties. The purpose of this literature review was to examine the impacts of a regular mindfulness practice on educators. I synthesized 40 peer-reviewed studies that were published between 2010 and 2021 and included a sample of working K-12 educators. The most significant and consistent effects of a regular mindfulness practice were reported on educators’ overall well-being on psychological measures of stress, anxiety, and depression, and on physical health outcomes. Findings also indicated strong effects on educators’ emotion-regulation and levels of self-compassion. This review concludes by offering specific recommendations for teachers and other school-based personnel who are interested in cultivating a personal mindfulness practice.

References

Abenavoli, R. M., Jennings, P. A., Greenberg, M. T., Harris, A. R., & Katz, D. A. (2013). The

protective effects of mindfulness against burnout among educators. The Psychology of Education Review, 37(2), 57–69.

Alsubaie, M., Abbott, R., Dunn, B., Dickens, C., Keil, T. F., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2017). Mechanisms of action in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in people with physical and/or psychological conditions: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 55, 74–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008

*Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. W. (2012). Mindfulness training effects for parents and educators of children with special needs. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1476–1487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027537

*Berkovich-Ohana, A., Lavy, S., & Shanboor, K. (2020). Effects of a mindfulness intervention among Arab teachers are mediated by decentering: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.542986

*Beshai, S., McAlpine, L., Weare, K., & Kuyken, W. (2016). A non-randomised feasibility trial assessing the efficacy of a mindfulness-based intervention for teachers to reduce stress and improve well-being. Mindfulness, 7(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0436-1

Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V.,

Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230–241.

https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

*Braun, S. S., Cho, S., Colaianne, B. A., Taylor, C., Cullen, M., & Roeser, R. W. (2020). Impacts of a mindfulness-based program on teachers’ forgiveness. Mindfulness, 11(8), 1978–1992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01413-7

*Braun, S. S., Roeser, R. W., & Mashburn, A. J. (2020). Results from a pre-post, uncontrolled pilot study of a mindfulness-based program for early elementary school teachers. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 6(1), 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00718-7

Brown, K. W., Ryan, R.M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and

evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298

Canadian Teachers’ Federation. (2020). Pandemic research report: Teacher mental health check-

in survey. https://vox.ctf-fce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Doc-13-1-Pandemic-Research-Report-Teacher-Mental-Health-Check-in-Survey.pdf (ctf-fce.ca)

Clandinin, D. J., Long, J., Schaefer, L., Downey, C. A., Steeves, P., Pinnegar, E., McKenzie Robblee, S., & Wnuk, S. (2015). Early career teacher attrition: Intentions of teachers beginning. Teaching Education, 26(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2014.996746

Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL, 2020). CASEL’s SEL framework: What are the core competence areas and where are they promoted? CASEL-SEL-Framework-11.2020.pdf

*Crain, T. L., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Roeser, R. W. (2017). Cultivating teacher mindfulness: Effects of a randomized controlled trial on work, home, and sleep outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000043

Cullen, M. (2011). Mindfulness-based interventions: An emerging phenomenon. Mindfulness, 2(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-011-0058-1

*de Carvalho, J. S., Pinto, A. M., & Marôco, J. (2017). Results of a mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program on Portuguese elementary students and teachers: A quasi-experimental study. Mindfulness, 8(2), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0603-z

*Emerson, L.-M., Leyland, A., Hudson, K., Rowse, G., Hanley, P., & Hugh-Jones, S. (2017). Teaching mindfulness to teachers: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Mindfulness, 8(5), 1136–1149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0691-4

Eva, A. L., & Thayer, N. M. (2017). The mindful teacher: Translating research into daily well-being. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues, and Ideas, 90(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2016.1235953

*Fabbro, A., Fabbro, F., Capurso, V., D’Antoni, F., & Crescentini, C. (2020). Effects of mindfulness training on school teachers’ self-reported personality traits as well as stress and burnout levels. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 127(3), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520908708

Fish, J., Brimson, J., & Lynch, S. (2016). Mindfulness interventions delivered by technology without facilitator involvement: What research exists and what are the clinical outcomes? Mindfulness, 7(5), 1011–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0548-2

*Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout, and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain, and Education, 7(3), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12026

*Franco, C., Mañas, I., Cangas, A. J., Moreno, E., & Gallego, J. (2010). Reducing teachers’ psychological distress through a mindfulness training program. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002328

*Frank, J. L., Reibel, D., Broderick, P., Cantrell, T., & Metz, S. (2015). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on educator stress and well-being: Results from a pilot study. Mindfulness, 6(2), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-013-0246-2

*Gold, E., Smith, A., Hopper, I., Herne, D., Tansey, G., & Hulland, C. (2010). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) for primary school teachers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(2), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9344-0

*Gouda, S., Luong, M. T., Schmidt, S., & Bauer, J. (2016). Students and teachers benefit from mindfulness-based stress reduction in a school-embedded pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00590

*Harris, A. R., Jennings, P. A., Katz, D. A., Abenavoli, R. M., & Greenberg, M. T. (2016). Promoting stress management and wellbeing in educators: Feasibility and efficacy of a school-based yoga and mindfulness intervention. Mindfulness, 7(1), 143–154.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0451-2

*Hwang, Y. S., Goldstein, H., Medvedev, O. N., Singh, N. N., Noh, J. E., & Hand, K. (2019). Mindfulness-based intervention for educators: Effects of a school-based cluster randomized controlled study. Mindfulness, 10(7), 1417–1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01147-1

*Hwang, Y. S., Noh, J. E., Medvedev, O. N., & Singh, N. N. (2019). Effects of a mindfulness-based program for teachers on teacher wellbeing and person-centered teaching practices. Mindfulness, 10(11), 2385–2402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01236-1

Jennings, P. A. (2015). Mindfulness for teachers: Simple skills for peace and productivity in the classroom. W.W. Norton & Company.

*Jennings, P. A., Brown, J. L., Frank, J. L., Doyle, S., Oh, Y., Davis, R., Rasheed, D., DeWeese, A., DeMauro, A. A., Cham, H., & Greenberg, M. T. (2017). Impacts of the CARE for teachers program on teachers’ social and emotional competence and classroom interactions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109(7), 1010–1028. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000187

Jennings, P. A., Frank, J. L., Snowberg, K. E. Coccia, M. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2013). Improving classroom learning environments by cultivating awareness and resilience in education (CARE): Results of a randomized controlled trial. School Psychology Quarterly, 28(4), 374–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000035

Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 491–525. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325693

Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future.

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016

*Katz, D. A., Harris, A., Abenavoli, R., Greenberg, M. T., & Jennings, P. A. (2018). Educators’ emotion regulation strategies and their physiological indicators of chronic stress over 1 year. Stress and Health, 34(2), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2782

*Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., Rosenberg, E. L., Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Wallace, B. A., & Ekman, P. (2012). Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses. Emotion, 12(2), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026118

Kiken, L. G., Garland, E. L., Bluth, K., Palsson, O. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044

Kivunja. C., & Kuyini, A. (2017). Understanding and applying research paradigms in

educational contexts. International Journal of Higher Education, 6(5), 26-41.

https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v6n5p26

*Klingbeil, D. A., & Renshaw, T. L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for teachers: A meta-analysis of the emerging evidence base. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(4), 501–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spq0000291

Lee Duckworth, A., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154

*Litvak-Hirsch, T., & Lazar, A. (2020). The contribution of long-term mindfulness training on personal and professional coping for teachers living in a conflict zone: A qualitative perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114096

*Lomas, T., Medina, J. C., Ivtzan, I., Rupprecht, S., & Eiroa-Orosa, F. J. (2017). The impact of mindfulness on the wellbeing and performance of educators: A systematic review of the empirical literature. Teaching and Teacher Education, 61, 132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.10.008

*Ma, Y., Wang, F., & Cheng, X. (2021). Kindergarten teachers’ mindfulness in teaching and burnout: The mediating role of emotional labor. Mindfulness, 12(3), 722–729 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01538-9

*Mackenzie, E. R., Fegley, S., Stutesman, M., & Mills, J. (2020). Present-moment awareness and the prosocial classroom: Educators’ lived experience of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 11(12), 2755–2764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01483-7

*Matiz, A., Fabbro, F., Paschetto, A., Cantone, D., Paolone, A. R., & Crescentini, C. (2020). Positive impact of mindfulness meditation on mental health of female teachers during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6450. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186450

*Matsuba, M. K., & Williams, L. (2020). Mindfulness and yoga self-care workshop for Northern Ugandan teachers: A pilot study. School Psychology International, 41(4), 351–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034320915955

Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M. L., Griffin, M. L., Biegel, G., Roach, A., Frank, J., Burke, C., Pinger, L., Soloway, G., Isberg, R., Sibinga, E., Grossman, L., & Saltzman, A. (2012). Integrating mindfulness training into K-12 education: Fostering the resilience of teachers and students. Mindfulness, 3(4), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5

*Mihić, J., Oh, Y., Greenberg, M., & Kranželić, V. (2020). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program CARE for teachers within Croatian context. Mindfulness, 11(9), 2206–2218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01446-y

*Reiser, J. E., & McCarthy, C. J. (2018). Preliminary investigation of a stress prevention and mindfulness group for teachers. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 43(1), 2–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2017.1338811

Renshaw, T. L., & Cook, C. R. (2017). Introduction to the special issue: Mindfulness in the schools—historical roots, current status, and future directions. Psychology in the Schools, 54(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21978

*Roeser, R. W., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Jha, A., Cullen, M., Wallace, L., Wilensky, R., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Taylor, C., & Harrison, J. (2013). Mindfulness training and reductions in teacher stress and burnout: Results from two randomized, waitlist-control field trials. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), 787–804. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032093

*Rupprecht, S. (2017). Mind the teachers! The impact of mindfulness training on self-regulation and classroom performance in a sample of German school teachers. European Journal of Educational Research, 6(4), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.6.4.565

*Schnaider‐Levi, L., Mitnik, I., Zafrani, K., Goldman, Z., & Lev‐Ari, S. (2017). Inquiry-based stress reduction meditation technique for teacher burnout: A qualitative study. Mind, Brain, and Education, 11(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/mbe.12137

*Schussler, D. L., Jennings, P. A., Sharp, J. E., & Frank, J. L. (2016). Improving teacher awareness and well-being through CARE: A qualitative analysis of the underlying mechanisms. Mindfulness, 7(1), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0422-7

Shapiro, S., Rechtschaffen, D., & de Sousa, S. (2016). Mindfulness training for teachers. In K. A. Schonert-Reichl & R. W. Roeser (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness in education: Integrating theory and research into practice (pp. 83-99). Mindfulness in Behavioural Health. Springer.

*Sharp, J. E., & Jennings, P. A. (2016). Strengthening teacher presence through mindfulness: What educators say about the cultivating awareness and resilience in education (CARE) program. Mindfulness, 7(1), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0474-8

Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2016). Resilience: The science of mastering life’s greatest challenges. Cambridge University Press.

Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3916

*Tarrasch, R., Berger, R., & Grossman, D. (2020). Mindfulness and compassion as key factors in improving teachers’ well being. Mindfulness, 11(4), 1049–1061.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01304-x

*Taylor, C., Harrison, J., Haimovitz, K., Oberle, E., Thomson, K., Schonert-Reichl, K., & Roeser, R. W. (2016). Examining ways that a mindfulness-based intervention reduces stress in public school teachers: A mixed-methods study. Mindfulness, 7(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0425-4

Taylor, S. G., Roberts, A. M., & Zarrett, N. (2021). A brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) to reduce teacher stress and burnout. Teaching and Teacher Education, 100, 103284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103284

*Todd, C., Cooksey, R., Davies, H., McRobbie, C., & Brophy, S. (2019). Mixed-methods evaluation comparing the impact of two different mindfulness approaches on stress, anxiety, and depression in school teachers. BMJ Open, 9(7), e025686. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025686

Wheeler, M. S., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2017). The Neuroscience of mindfulness: How mindfulness alters the brain and facilitates emotion regulation. Mindfulness, 8(6), 1471–1487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0742-x

*Yuan, R., Lee, I., Xu, H., & Zhang, H. (2020). The alchemy of teacher mindfulness: Voices from veteran language teachers in China. Professional Development in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1814383

*Zarate, K., Maggin, D. M., & Passmore, A. (2019). Meta‐analysis of mindfulness training on teacher well‐being. Psychology in the Schools, 56(10), 1700–1715. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22308

* Indicates articles included in the literature review.

Downloads

Published

2022-08-15

How to Cite

Sleilaty, J. (2022). The Impact of a Regular Mindfulness Practice on Teachers: A Critical Review. Emerging Perspectives: Interdisciplinary Graduate Research in Education and Psychology, 6(1), 33–49. Retrieved from https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ep/article/view/74938

Issue

Section

Articles