On the Capacity to Change: Exploring the Malleability of Intelligence
Keywords:
Intelligence, malleability, growth mindsetAbstract
“Does intelligence have the capacity to change?” Addressing this question is of primordial importance, as how we characterize intelligence can have significant consequences for individuals. The following paper will explore the controversy related to the malleability of intelligence. It will critically analyze the nature and nurture aspects of the debate, and attempt to offer a solution as to whether or not intelligence has the capacity to change.
References
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Wahlsten, D. (1997). The malleability of intelligence is not constrained by heritability. New York, NY: Springer International Publishing AG.
Zoubovsky, S. P. et al. (2011). Working memory deficits in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice: Potential impairments in prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive function. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 408, 707-712. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.097
Baaré, W. F. et al. (2001). Quantitative genetic modeling of variation in human brain morphology. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 816-824. doi:10.1093/cercor/11.9.816
Bjorklund, D. F. (2006). Mother knows best: Epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence. Developmental Review, 26, 213-242. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2006.02.007
Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H. & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development 78(1). 246-263.
Day, J. J., & Sweatt, J. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroepigenetics: A role for epigenetic mechanisms in learning and memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 96(1), 2-12. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.12.008
Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L., McGue, M., & McClearn, G. E. (1995). Heritability of cognitive abilities in adult twins: Comparison of Minnesota and Swedish data. Behavior Genetics, 25, 321–431.
Flanagan, D.P., & Harrison, P.L. (Eds). (2012). Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues. (3rd Ed.) New York. NY, USA: The Guilford Press.
Gardner, H. (2006). The development and education of the mind: The selected works of howard gardner. London: Routledge.
Gosso, M. F. et al. (2006). Association between the CHRM2 gene and intelligence in a sample of 304 dutch families. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 5, 577-584. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00211.x
Gottfredson, L.S. (1997). Mainstream science on intelligence: Editorial with 52 signatures: History and bibliography. Intelligence, 24 (1), 13-23
Herrnstein, R. J. & Murray, C. (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press
Hulshoff, H. E. et al. (2006). Genetic contributions to human brain morphology and intelligence. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 10235-10242. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1312-06.2006
Kranzler, J.H. & Floyd, R.G. (2013). Assessing intelligence in children and adolescents: A practical guide. NY, NY USA: Guildford Press.
Landon-Murray, M., & Anderson, I. (2013). Thinking in 140 characters: The internet, neuroplasticity, and intelligence analysis. Journal of Strategic Security, 6, 73-82. doi:10.5038/1944-0472.6.3.7
Lee, S., Yan, T. & Lu, X. (2012). An adolescent with intact motor skills and intelligence after infant hemorrhagic stroke without rehabilitation therapy: A case report.
NeuroRehabilitation, 31(2). 157-160.
Locurto, C. (1990). The malleability of IQ as judged from adoption studies. Intelligence, 14, 275-292. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(10)80001-7
McClearn, G. E. (1963). The inheritance of behavior. New York: Knopf
McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J., Jr., Iacono, W. G., & Lykken, D. T. (1993). Behavioral genetics of cognitive ability: A life-span perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Nisbett R. E. (2009) Intelligence and how to get it: why schools and cultures count. New York: Norton
Nisbett, R. E. et al. (2012). Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments. The American Psychologist, 67, 130-159. doi:10.1037/a0026699
Pennington, B. F. et al. (2000). A twin MRI study of size variations in the human brain. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 223-232. doi:10.1162/089892900561850
Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Swan, G. E., & Carmelli, D. (2000). Brain structure in men remains highly heritable in the seventh and eighth decades of life. Neurobiology of Aging, 21, 63-74. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00086-5
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Behavioral genetics (4th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers
Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442-447. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00458.x
Plomin, R., & Spinath, F. M. (2004). Intelligence: Genetics, genes, and genomics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 112-129.
doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.112
Rushton, P. J. & Jensen, A. R. (2005). Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability. Pyschology, Public Policy, and Law 11(2). 235-294
Rushton, P. J. & Jensen, A. R. (2005). Wanted: More race realism, less moralistic fallacy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 11(2). 328-336
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Hashizume, H., Sassa, Y., Nagase, T., Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2011). Effects of training of processing speed on neural systems. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 31, 12139-12148. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2948-11.2011
Wahlsten, D. (1997). The malleability of intelligence is not constrained by heritability. New York, NY: Springer International Publishing AG.
Zoubovsky, S. P. et al. (2011). Working memory deficits in neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout mice: Potential impairments in prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive function. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 408, 707-712. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.097
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Published
2017-12-18
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Cheng, M. P., & Saqui, S. (2017). On the Capacity to Change: Exploring the Malleability of Intelligence. Emerging Perspectives: Interdisciplinary Graduate Research in Education and Psychology, 1(2), 1–9. Retrieved from https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/ep/article/view/30357
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