Exprimer son désaccord avec respect : accepter la complexité facilite le dialogue civil

Auteurs-es

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.82086

Résumé

La polarisation et l'incivilité sont en hausse, ce qui a un impact négatif sur la collégialité, les relations de travail, le moral et les performances professionnelles. Les auteurs plaident en faveur de la nécessité d'un discours civilisé en médecine et de l'acceptation de la complexité comme élément essentiel de ce discours civilisé, facilitant une réflexion nuancée, un dialogue respectueux et une meilleure compréhension des autres points de vue. Ce principe d'acceptation de la complexité est conforme à l'attitude des médecins, qui sont formés à tolérer l'incertitude et à considérer et apprécier de multiples points de vue lorsqu'ils établissent des diagnostics et choisissent et proposent des plans de traitement. Cette conception du discours civil n'équivaut pas à un relativisme moral, à une contre-attaque (« whataboutism ») ou à une acceptation universelle des deux côtés d'un argument, ni ne sert de bâton pour faire taire ou perpétuer un pouvoir hégémonique. Au contraire, les principes du discours civil clarifient de multiples aspects des limites de la conduite professionnelle, en décrivant comment les médecins peuvent s'engager dans la défense des patients et des communautés tout en maintenant des relations collégiales et l'image de prestataires de soins sécuritaires pour tous les patients. Les droits des citoyens dans les démocraties, notamment celui de participer à des manifestations pacifiques et de s'exprimer librement dans les limites des lois de leur pays régissant la liberté d'expression, ne s'étendent pas sans restriction à la vie des professionnels, qui sont limités par les privilèges qui leur sont accordés et par les responsabilités qu'ils ont envers leurs patients et leurs collègues. En privilégiant la complexité et la nuance plutôt que le simplisme et les slogans, les collègues médecins qui ne sont pas d'accord entre eux peuvent communiquer de manière respectueuse, défendre leurs intérêts de manière professionnelle et être des prestataires de soins sécuritaires et efficaces pour tous les patients.

Téléchargements

Les données relatives au téléchargement ne sont pas encore disponibles.

Bibliographies de l'auteur-e

Ariel Lefkowitz , Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre

A. Lefkowitz is assistant professor, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-1346

Jerry M Maniate, Bruyere Health Research Institute

J.M. Maniate is Executive Director, Equity in Health Systems Lab, Bruyere Health Research Institute, and associate professor and Vice Chair of Member Support, Department of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2112-4147.

Ayelet Kuper, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre

A. Kuper is scientist and associate director, Wilson Centre, University Health Network/University of Toronto, and professor, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6399-6958

Références

1. Ross B. Polarization, populism, and the crisis of American democracy. Annual Rev Law Soc Sci. 2024;20:293-308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113

2. Levin SA, Milner, Helen V, Perrings C. The dynamics of political polarization. PNAS. 2021;118(50). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2116950118

3. Cantor M. ‘Polarization’ is Merriam-Webster’s word of the year: ‘something everyone agrees on.’ The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/dec/09/merriam-webster-word-of-the-year-polarization

4. Skytte R. Dimensions of elite partisan polarization: Disentangling the effects of incivility and issue polarization. Brit J Poli Sci 2020;51(4):1457–1475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000760

5. Chen H-T, Song Y, Guo J. When disagreement becomes uncivil on social media: the role of passive receiving and active expression of incivility in influencing political polarization. Com Res. 2024:1-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/00936502241285069

6. Cortina L, Kabat-Farr D, Magley V, Nelson K. Researching rudeness: the past, present, and future of the science of incivility. J Occup Health Psychol. 2017;22(3):299–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000089

7. Abate LE, Greenberg L. Incivility in medical education: a scoping review. BMC Med Educ. Jan 12 2023;23(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03988-2

8. McCullough LB, Coverdale J, Chervenak FA. Professional virtue of civility and the responsibilities of medical educators and academic leaders. J Med Ethics. Oct 2023;49(10):674-678. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2022-108735

9. Caza BB, Cortina LM. From insult to injury: explaining the impact of incivility. Basic Applied Soc Psychol. 2007;29(4):335–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530701665108

10. LaDonna KA, Kahlke R, Scott I, Van der Goes T, Hubinette M. Grappling with key questions about assessment of the Health Advocate Role. Can Med Educ J. 2023;14(1):80-89. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.73878

11. Hubinette MM, Ajjawi R, Dharamsi S. Family physician preceptors' conceptualizations of health advocacy: implications for medical education. Acad Med. Nov 2014;89(11):1502-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000000479

12. Frank JR, Danoff D. The CanMEDS initiative: implementing an outcomes-based framework of physician competencies. Med Teach. Sep 2007;29(7):642-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701746983

13. Gonzalo JD, Wolpaw DR, Cooney R, et al. Evolving the systems-based practice competency in graduate medical education to meet patient needs in the 21st-century health care system. Acad Med. May 1 2022;97(5):655-661. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000004598

14. Watling C, Sandomierski D, Poinar S, Shaw J, LaDonna K. The courage to advocate: how two professions approach public advocacy work. Med Educ. Nov 2024;58(11):1361-1368. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15430

15. Hubinette MM, Wyatt TR, Ellaway RH. Refracting the concept of physician advocacy using the prism of professional resistance. MedEdPublish. 2024;14(210). https://doi.org/10.12688/mep.20543.1

16. Hubinette MM, LaDonna KA, Scott I, van der Goes T, Kahlke R. When I say… health advocacy. Med Educ. 2022;56(4):362-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14728

17. Hubinette MM, Dobson S, Scott I, Sherbino J. Health Advocacy. Med Teach. 2017;39(2):128-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1245853

18. Dobson S, Voyer S, Regehr G. Perspective: agency and activism: rethinking health advocacy in the medical profession. Acad Med. Sep 2012;87(9):1161-4. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182621c25

19. Ellaway RH, Orkin AM. Standards and accountabilities for professional resistance. Can Med Educ J. Aug 2024;15(4):134-135. https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.79395

20. Leskes A. A plea for civil discourse: needed, the academy's leadership. Lib Educ. 2013;99(4)

21. Hamlyn DW. Aristotle on Dialectic. Philosoph. 1990;65(254):465-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003181910006469X

22. Dawson H. Locke on language in (civil) society. History of Political Thought. 2005;26(3):397-425.

23. Kumagai AK, Najeeb U. Dialogues across difference: teaching for social justice and inclusion in health professions education. Med Educ. Jan 2025;59(1):11-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15556

24. Hrubec M. Preconditions of an intercultural dialogue on human rights. Veritas (Porto Alegre). 2010;55(1). https://doi.org/10.15448/1984-6746.2010.1.7328

25. Csillag R. Doctors were centrally complicit in the Holocaust. What are the lessons for Canadian medical schools today? The Canadian Jewish News. https://thecjn.ca/news/holocaust-medical-education/#

26. Goldhagen DJ. Hitler's willing executioners: ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. 1st ed. Knopf : Distributed by Random House; 1996:x, 622 p.

27. Feldman J. The simplicity principle in human concept learning. Current directions in psychological science. 2003;12(6):227-232. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01267.x

28. Somer M, McCoy JL, Luke RE. Pernicious polarization, Autocratization and opposition strategies. Democratization. 2021;28(5):929–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1865316

29. Coleman PT. The way out: how to overcome toxic polarization. Columbia University Press,; 2021:1 online resource. https://doi.org/10.7312/cole19740

30. Gilbert M. Walking together. Midwest Studies in Philosophy. 1990;15:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4975.1990.tb00202.x

31. Kuper A. The intersubjective and the intrasubjective in the patient physician dyad: implications for medical humanities education. Med Humanit. Dec 2007;33(2):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmh.2006.000252

32. Cleland J, Cilliers F, van Schalkwyk S. The learning environment in remediation: a review. Clin Teach. Feb 2018;15(1):13-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.12739

33. Holmér S, Nedlund A-C, Thomas K, Krevers B. How health care professionals handle limited resources in primary care – an interview study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(6) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08996-y

34. Nunes R, Nunes SB, Rego G. Health Care as a universal right. J Pub Health. 2017;25(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-016-0762-3

35. Moosa T. The 'punch a Nazi' meme: what are the ethics of punching Nazis? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2017/jan/31/the-punch-a-nazi-meme-what-are-the-ethics-of-punching-nazis

36. Stack L. Attack on Alt-right leader has internet asking: is it o.k. to punch a Nazi? New York Times. January 21, 2017.

37. Hawn A. The civility cudgel: the myth of civility in communication. Howard J Comm. 2020;31(2):218-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2020.1731882

38. Beagan B. Neutralizing differences: producing neutral doctors for (almost) neutral patients. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51:1253-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00043-5

39. Al-Eraky MM. Twelve tips for teaching medical professionalism at all levels of medical education. Med Teach. 2015;37(11):1018–1025. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2015.1020288

40. Hall KH. Reviewing intuitive decision-making and uncertainty: the implications for medical education. Med Educ. Mar 2002;36(3):216-24. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01140.x

41. Tonelli MR, Upshur REG. A philosophical approach to addressing uncertainty in medical education. Acad Med. Apr 2019;94(4):507-511. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002512

42. Stone D, Patton B, Heen S. Difficult conversations : how to discuss what matters most. Revised edition. ed. Penguin Books; 2023:xxiv, 372 pages.

43. Winters M-F, Reese MN. We can't talk about that at work! : how to talk about race, religion, politics, and other polarizing topics. Second Edition. ed. Berrett-Koehler Publishers,; 2024:1 online resource.

44. Bauchner H, Fontanarosa PB, Thompson AE. Professionalism, governance, and self-regulation of medicine. JAMA. May 12 2015;313(18):1831-6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.4569

Téléchargements

Publié-e

2025-09-22

Comment citer

1.
Lefkowitz A, Maniate JM, Kuper A. Exprimer son désaccord avec respect : accepter la complexité facilite le dialogue civil. Can. Med. Ed. J [Internet]. 22 sept. 2025 [cité 5 déc. 2025];16(5):66-72. Disponible à: https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/cmej/article/view/82086

Numéro

Rubrique

Articles de synthèse, articles théoriques et méta-analyses