What Skills are Learned at College?
Views of College Students and Working Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.9.2.16Keywords:
University skills, communication, critical thinking, leadership, teamworkAbstract
Though academics and employers have demonstrated increasing interest in the skills learned by university students, less is known about student perceptions of the skills developed during a degree. In the current study, we examined students’ and working adults’ beliefs about the skills learned and not learned during their first degree. We also examined each group’s ability to define four career-related skills (communication, critical thinking, teamwork, and leadership), and their self-evaluations of those skills. Data indicated very few differences in the beliefs of students and working adults about skills learned and not learned at university. In addition, the skills most frequently endorsed as “learned” and “not learned” were very similar to one another. Contrary to expectations, there were few group-based differences in the quality of skill-based definitions. In keeping with the hypotheses, there were no group-based differences in self-assessments of skills. Implications of these results for university courses and programs are discussed.
Metrics
References
American Historical Association (AHA). 2016. “AHA History Tuning Project: 2016 History Discipline Core.” Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/tuning-the-history-discipline/2016-history-discipline-core.
American Psychological Association (APA). 2013. APA Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Andrews, Jane, and Helen Higson. 2008. “Graduate Employability, ‘Soft Skills’ Versus ‘Hard’ Business Knowledge: A European Study.” Higher Education in Europe 33, no. 4 (December): 411–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720802522627.
Astin, Alexander, and Anthony Lising Antonio. 2012. Assessment for Excellence (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Australian Institute of Physics (AIP). 2020. “Accreditation.” Accessed December 23, 2020. https://aip.org.au/accreditation/-.
Baker, Kimberly M. 2016. “Peer Review as a Strategy for Improving Students’ Writing Process.” Active Learning in Higher Education 17, no. 3 (June): 179–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787416654794.
Banta, Trudy. W., Elizabeth A. Jones, and Karen E. Black. 2010. Designing Effective Assessment: Principles and Profiles of Good Practice. New York: Wiley.
Bara Stolzenberg, Ellen, Melissa C. Aragon, Edgar Romo, Victoria Couch, Destiny McLennan, M. Kevin Eagan, and Nathaniel Kang. 2020. “The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2019.” Higher Education Research Institute. https://heri.ucla.edu/publications-tfs/.
Bartleet, Brydie-Leigh, Dawn Bennett, Anne Power, and Naomi Sunderland. “Service Learning with First Peoples: A Framework to Support Respectful and Reciprocal Learning.” Intercultural Education 30, no. 1 (2019): 15–30.
Bastiaens, Ellen, Jonathan Tilburg, and Jeroen van Merrienboer. 2017. Research-Based Learning: Case Studies from Maastricht University. Cham: Springer.
Baum, Sandy, and Kathleen Payea. 2005. Education Pays 2004: The Benefits of Higher Education for Individuals and Society. Washington, DC: College Board.
Berdrow, Iris, and Fredrick T. Evers. 2010. “Bases of Competence: An Instrument for Self and Institutional Assessment.” Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education 35, no. 4 (August): 419–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602930902862842.
Boud, David, Rosemary Keogh, and David Walker. 2013. Reflection: Turning Experience into Learning. London: Routledge.
Bratianu, Constantin, and Elena-Madalina Vatamanescu. 2017. “Students’ Perception on Developing Conceptual Generic Skills for Business.” VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems 47, no. 4 (November): 490–505. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-11-2016-0065.
Bridgstock, Ruth. 2009. “The Graduate Attributes We’ve Overlooked: Enhancing Graduate Employability through Career Management Skills.” Higher Education Research and Development 28, no. 1 (March): 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360802444347.
British Psychological Association (BPA). 2019. Standards for the Accreditation of Undergraduate, Conversion and Integrated Masters Programmes in Psychology. Leicester: British Psychological Association.
Ciarocco, Natalie J. 2018. “Traditional and New Approaches to Career Preparation through Coursework.” Teaching of Psychology 45, no. 1 (December): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628317744963.
Costouros, Teresa. 2020. “Jigsaw Cooperative Learning versus Traditional Lectures: Impact on Student Grades and Learning Experience.” Teaching & Learning Inquiry 8, no. 1: 154–72. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.8.1.11.
De La Paz, Susan, and Steve Graham. 2002. “Explicitly Teaching Strategies, Skills, and Knowledge: Writing Instruction in Middle School Classrooms.” Journal of Educational Psychology 94, no. 4: 687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.4.687.
Difallah, Djellel, Elena Filatova, and Panos Ipeirotis. 2018. “Demographics and Dynamics of Mechanical Turk Workers.” In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM international Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, (February): 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1145/3159652.3159661.
Downing, Kevin, Theresa Kwong, Sui-Wah Chan, Tsz-Fung Lam, and Woo-Kyung Downing. 2009. “Problem-Based Learning and the Development of Metacognition.” Higher Education, 57, (May): 609–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-008-9165-x.
Dunning, David, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Suls. 2004. “Flawed Self-Assessment: Implications for Health, Education, and the Workplace.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 5, no. 3 (December): 69–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x.
Dunning, David, Chip Heath, and Jerry M. Suls. 2018. “Reflections on Self-Reflection: Contemplating Flawed Self-Judgments in the Clinic, Classroom, and Office Cubicle.” Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (December): 185–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616688975.
Dupuis, Marc, Barbara Endicott-Popovsky, and Robert Crossler. 2013. “An Analysis of the Use of Amazon’s Mechanical Turk for Survey Research in the Cloud.” In ICCSM2013-Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Security Management: ICCSM, 10.
Faisal, Rizwan, Khalil-ur-Rehman, Sher Bahadur, and Laiyla Shinwari. 2016. “Problem-Based Learning in Comparison with Lecture-Based Learning Among Medical Students.” Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 66, no. 6 (June): 650–53.
Felton, Peter. 2013. “Principles of Good Practice in SoTL.” Teaching and Learning Inquiry 1, no. 1: 121–25. https://doi.org/10.2979/teachlearninqu.1.1.121.
Follmer, D. Jake, Rayne A. Sperling, and Hoi K. Suen. 2017. “The Role of Mturk in Education Research: Advantages, Issues, and Future Directions.” Educational Researcher 46, no. 6: 329–34. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X17725519.
Greenstone, Michael and Adam Looney. 2012. “Regardless of the Cost, College Still Matters.” Brookings Institute, October 5, 2012. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/jobs/2012/10/05/regardless-of-the-cost-college-still-matters-.
Hart Research Associates. 2015. Falling Short? College Learning and Career Success. Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities/AACU.
Hettich, Paul I., and R. Eric Landrum. 2013. Your Undergraduate Degree in Psychology: From College to Career. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Howson, Camille Kandiko and Saranne Weller. 2016. “ Defining Pedagogic Expertise: Students and New Lecturers as Co-developers in Learning and Teaching.” Teaching & Learning Inquiry 4, no. 2: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.4.2.6.
Jackson, Denise. 2013. “Student Perceptions of the Importance of Employability Skill Provision in Business Undergraduate Programs.” Journal of Education for Business 88, no. 5 (June): 271–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2012.697928.
Kittur, Aniket. 2010. “Crowdsourcing, Collaboration and Creativity.” XRDS: the ACM Magazine for Students 17, no. 2 (December): 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/1869086.1869096.
Korte, Werner. B., Tobias Hüsing, and empirica GmbH. 2019. “Scaling-Up Best Practices and Re-Focusing Programmes and Incentives.” European Commission (October):1–25. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/37863/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/pdf.
Kruger, Justin. M., and David Dunning. 1999. “Unskilled and Unaware of it: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, no. 6 (December): 1121–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121.
Lackner, Christine, and Tanya Martini. 2017. “Helping University Students Succeed at Employment Interviews: The Role of Self-Reflection in E-Portfolios.” Teaching & Learning Inquiry 5, no. 2 (August): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.5.2.2.
Martini, T. S. (2019, June 27). “Why Can’t Students Recognize Transferable Skills?” Times Higher Education, June 27, 2019. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/why-cant-students-recognise-transferable-skills.
Martini, Tanya. S., Rebecca Judges, and Kathryn Belicki. 2015. “Psychology Majors’ Understanding of Skills-Based Learning Outcomes.” Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology 1, no. 2: 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000019.
Martini, Tanya. S., Ashley Rail, and Cole Norton. 2015. “Psychology Students’ Understanding of the Skill-Based Learning Fostered through University Assignments.” Teaching of Psychology 42: 335–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628315603182.
Martini, Tanya. S., and Riley Roth. 2016. “Improving Undergraduates’ Understanding of the Skill-Based Learning Fostered by Course Assignments.” Poster presented at the annual meeting of the National Institute for the Teaching of Psychology, Tampa, FL, January 6.
Mason, Winter, and Duncan J. Watts. 2009. “Financial Incentives and the Performance of Crowds.” Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD workshop on human computation 11, no.2: 100-108.
National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE). 2018a. “Employers Want to See these Attributes on Students Resumes.” Accessed December 23, 2020. https://www.naceweb.org/talent-acquisition/candidate-selection/employers-want-to-see-these-attributes-on-students-resumes/.
National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE). 2018b. “Are College Graduates Career-Ready?” Last modified February 19, 2018. https://www.naceweb.org/career-readiness/competencies/are-college-graduates-career-ready/.
Norcross, John. C., Robin Hailstorks, Leona S. Aiken, Rory A. Pfund, Karen E. Stamm, and Peggy Christidis. 2016. “Undergraduate Study in Psychology: Curriculum and Assessment.” American Psychologist 71, no. 2: 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040095.
Paolacci, Gabriele, and Jesse Chandler. 2014. “Inside the Turk: Understanding Mechanical Turk as a Participant Pool.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 23, no. 3 (June): 184–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414531598.
Servant-Miklos, Virginie. 2019. “Fifty Years on: a Retrospective on the World’s First Problem-Based Learning Programme at Mcmaster University Medical School.” Health Professions Education 5, no. 1 (March): 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2018.04.002.
Shell, Ellen Ruppel. 2018. “College May not be Worth it Anymore.” The New York Times, May 16, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/16/opinion/college-useful-cost-jobs.html.
Strada-Gallup. 2017. “Crisis of Confidence: Current College Students do not Feel Prepared for the Workplace.” College Student Survey, January 17, 2018. https://news.gallup.com/reports/225161/2017-strada-gallup-college-student-survey.aspx.
Succi, Chiara and Magali Canovi. 2020. “Soft Skills to Enhance Graduate Employability: Comparing Students and Employers’ Perceptions.” Studies in Higher Education 45, no. 9: 1834–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1585420.
Tanner, Kimberly D. 2012. “Promoting Student Metacognition.” CBE—Life Sciences Education 11, no. 2 (October): 113–20. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.12-03-0033.
Terenzini, Patrick T., and Thomas M. Wright. 1987. “Students’ Personal Growth During the First Two Years of College.” The Review of Higher Education 10, no. 3 (Spring): 259–71. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.1987.0022.
Tymon, Alex. 2013. “The Student Perspective on Employability.” Studies in Higher Education, 38, no. 6 (August): 841–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.604408.
Vannette, Dave. 2017. “Using Attention Checks in Your Surveys May Harm Data Quality.” Last modified June 28, 2017. https://www.qualtrics.com/blog/using-attention-checks-in-your-surveys-may-harm-data-quality/.
WeAreDynamo. 2017. “Guidelines for Academic Requesters.” Accessed December 23, 2020 http://wiki.wearedynamo.org/index.php/Guidelines_for_Academic_Requesters.
White House. 2010. “Building Skills for America’s Future.” Last modified October 4, 2010. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/10/04/building-skills-america-s-future-.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Tanya Martini, Lorenzo Frangella, Meghan Vandervlist
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.