Learning patient collaboration: how do primary care doctors learn to empower patients in decision-making?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36834/cmej.81611Downloads
References
1. Catalyst NE. What is patient-centered care? NEJM Catalyst. 2017 Jan 1;3(1). https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.17.0559
2. Smith MA. The role of shared decision making in patient-centered care and orthopaedics. Orthop Nurs. 2016 May;35(3):144–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/NOR.0000000000000243
3. Barry MJ, Edgman-Levitan S. Shared decision making—the pinnacle of patient- centered care. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 1;366(9):780–1. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1109283
4. Finley CR, Chan DS, Garrison S, et al. What are the most common conditions in primary care? A systematic review. Can Fam Physician. 2018 Nov;64(11):832–40. https://www.cfp.ca/content/64/11/832 [Accessed on May 14, 2025].
5. Savoy M, Hazlett-O’Brien C, Rapacciuolo J. The role of primary care physicians in managing chronic disease. Del J Public Health. 2017 Mar 22;3(1):86. https://doi.org/10.32481/djph.2017.03.012
6. Arbuthnott A, Sharpe D. The effect of physician–patient collaboration on patient adherence in non-psychiatric medicine. Patient Educ Couns. 2009 Oct;77(1):60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.03.022
7. Linsen A, Elshout G, Pols D, Zwaan L, Mamede S. Education in clinical reasoning: an experimental study on strategies to foster novice medical students’ engagement in learning activities. Health Prof Educ. 2018 Jun;4(2):86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2017.03.003
8. Dunphy BC, Cantwell R, Bourke S, et al. Cognitive elements in clinical decision-making: toward a cognitive model for medical education and understanding clinical reasoning. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2010 May;15:229–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-009-9194-y
9. Mezirow, J. Transformative learning theory. In Contemporary Theories of Learning (pp. 114-128). Routledge; 2018
10. Tan XH, Foo MA, Lim SL, et al. Teaching and assessing communication skills in the postgraduate medical setting: a systematic scoping review. BMC Med Educ. 2021 Dec;21:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02892-5
11. Nugus P, Braithwaite J. The dynamic interaction of quality and efficiency in the emergency department: squaring the circle? Soc Sci Med. 2010 Feb;70(4):511–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.001
12. Aboushawareb SA, Sultana S, Nugus P, et al. Exploring approaches to teaching communication practices for shared decision- making in medical education: a scoping review. Health Prof Educ. 2025;11(2):15. https://doi.org/10.55890/2452-3011.1343
13. Deniz S, Akbolat M, Çimen M, Ünal Ö. The mediating role of shared decision- making in the effect of the patient–physician relationship on compliance with treatment. J Patient Exp. 2021 May 19;8:23743735211018066. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211018066
14. Grad R, Sandhu A, Majdpour D, Kitner S, Rodriguez C, Elwyn G. Perspectives of family physician educators on shared decision making in preventive health care: a qualitative descriptive inquiry. Patient Educ Couns. 2025 Jan 25:108681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2025.108681
15. Willig C. Introducing qualitative research in psychology. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education (UK); 2013.
16. Creswell JW, Hanson WE, Plano Clark VL, Morales A. Qualitative research designs: selection and implementation. Couns Psychol. 2007 Mar;35(2):236–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390
17. Thorne S, Kirkham SR, MacDonald‐Emes J. Interpretive description: a noncategorical qualitative alternative for developing nursing knowledge. Res Nurs Health. 1997 Apr;20(2):169–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-240X(199704)20:2<169::AID-NUR9>3.3.CO;2-B
18. Thompson Burdine J, Thorne S, Sandhu G. Interpretive description: a flexible qualitative methodology for medical education research. Med Educ. 2021 Mar;55(3):336–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14380
19. Heckscher CC, Donnellon AM. The post-bureaucratic organization: new perspectives on organizational change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 1994.
20. Grey C, Garsten C. Trust, control and post-bureaucracy. Organ Stud. 2001 Mar;22(2):229–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840601222003
21. Ahmad M, Wilkins S. Purposive sampling in qualitative research: a framework for the entire journey. Qual Quant. 2024 Dec 10:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024- 02022-5
22. Clarke V, Braun V. Thematic analysis. J Posit Psychol. 2017 May 4;12(3):297–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262613
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Terkuma Chia, Tracie Barnett, Roland Grad, Peter Nugus

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Submission of an original manuscript to the Canadian Medical Education Journal will be taken to mean that it represents original work not previously published, that it is not being considered elsewhere for publication. If accepted for publication, it will be published online and it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, for commercial purposes, in any language, without the consent of the publisher.
Authors who publish in the Canadian Medical Education Journal agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 Canada Licence. This licence allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights an author grants users of their work, please see the licence summary and the full licence.


