Scaffolding Understanding of Scholarly Educational Research Through Teacher/Student Conferencing and Differentiated Instruction

Authors

  • Ghazi M. Ghaith American University of Beirut
  • Ghada M. Awada Lebanese American University–Graduate Research Studies https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8486-1630

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.10.8

Keywords:

educational research, differentiated instruction, teacher/student conferencing

Abstract

This article reports the results of a qualitative study of the effectiveness of a critical reading instructional intervention based on differentiated instruction (DI) and teacher/student conferencing (TSC) in improving the participants’ understanding and evaluation of published educational research. A cohort of eleven (n = 11) novice graduate students took part in a 15-week course during which they critiqued several self-selected journal articles and reflected on their experience. Results of the thematic analysis of the participants’ reflection logs revealed that their’ initial feelings of apprehension and anxiety transformed into growth in their self-efficacy as consumers and designers of educational research. Likewise, the participants benefitted from scaffolding their challenges and the provision of feedback in becoming more proficient readers and in developing supportive relationships. The study implications, limitations, and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Ghazi M. Ghaith, American University of Beirut

Ghazi M. Ghaith is professor of language education. Department of Education, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.

Ghada M. Awada, Lebanese American University–Graduate Research Studies

Ghada M. Awada is post-doctoral fellow and researcher. Graduate Research Studies, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.

References

Argelagos, Esther, and Manoli Pifarre. 2012. “Improving Information Problem Solving Skills in Secondary Education through Embedded Instruction.” Computers in Human Behavior 28, no. 2: 515–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.024.

Arbur, Rosemarie. 1977. “The Student-Teacher Conference.” College Composition and Communication 28, no. 4: 338–42. https://doi.org/10.2307/356726.

Ausubel, David P. 1978. “In Defense of Advance Organizers: A Reply to the Critics.” Review of Educational Research 48, no. 2: 251-257. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543048002251.

Bailey, Kathleen M., Andy Curtis, and David Nunan. 1998. Pursuing Professional Development: The Self as Source. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.

Ballenger, Bruce, and Kelly Myers. 2019. “The Emotional Work of Revision.” College Composition and Communication 70, no. 4: 590–614. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=g590-614-Jun19-CCC.indd&btnG=.

Bell, James H. 2002. “Research Report: Better Writers: Writing Center Tutoring and the Revision of Rough Drafts.” Journal of College Reading and Learning 33, no. 1: 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2002.10850133.

Bjork, Elizabeth L., and Robert A. Bjork. 2011. “Making Things Hard on Yourself, but in a Good Way: Creating Desirable Difficulties to Enhance Learning.” In Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society, edited by Gernsbacher, Morton Ann Ed, Richard W. Pew, Leaetta M. Hough, and James R. Pomerantz, 59–68. New York: Worth Publishers.

Bonyadi, Alireza. 2014. “The Effect of Topic Selection on EFL Students’ Writing Performance.” SAGE Open 4, no. 3: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014547176.

Ciarocco, Natalie J., Gary W. Lewandowski, and Michele Van Volkom. 2013. “The Impact of a Multifaceted Approach to Teaching Research Methods on Students’ Attitudes.” Teaching of Psychology 40, no. 1: 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628312465859.

Ciarocco, Natalie J., David B. Strohmetz, and Gary W. Lewandowski Jr. 2017. “What’s the Point? Faculty Perceptions of Research Methods Courses.” Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology 3, no. 2: 116–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000085.

Cohen, Elizabeth and Rachel Lotan. 1997. Working for equity in heterogeneous classrooms: Sociological theory in practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

Coubergs, Catherine, Katrien Struyven, Gert Vanthournout, and Nadine Engels. 2017. “Measuring Teachers’ Perceptions About Differentiated Instruction: The DI-Quest Instrument and Model.” Studies in Educational Evaluation 53: 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2017.02.004.

Duff, Patricia A. 2010. “Language Socialization into Academic Discourse Communities.” Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30: 169–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190510000048.

Earley, Mark. A. 2014. “A Synthesis of the Literature on Research Methods Education.” Teaching in Higher Education 19, no. 3: 242–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2013.860105.

Fang, Zhihui. 2005. “Scientific Literacy: A Systemic Functional Linguistics

Perspective.” Science Education 89, no. 2: 335–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20050.

Flett, Gordon L., Murray Stainton, Paul L. Hewitt, Simon B. Sherry, and Clarry Lay. 2012. “Procrastination Automatic Thoughts as a Personality Construct: An Analysis of the Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory.” Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 30, no. 4: 223–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-012-0150-z.

Freedman, Sarah Warshauer. 1985. The Acquisition of Written Language: Response and Revision. Writing Research: Multidisciplinary Inquiries into the Nature of Writing Series. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Freedman, Sarah Warshauer, and Melanie Sperling. 1985. “Written Language Acquisition: The Role of Response and the Writing Conference.” In The Acquisition of Written Language: Response and Revision. Writing Research: Multidisciplinary Inquiries into the Nature of Writing Series, edited by Sarah Warshauer Freedman, 106–30. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Galton, Maurice, Linda Hargreaves, Chris Comber, Debbie Wall, and Tony Pell. 1999. “Changes in Patterns of Teacher Interaction in Primary Classrooms: 1976‐96.” British Educational Research Journal 25, no. 1: 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141192990250103.

Ghaith, Ghazi. 2018. “Teacher Perceptions of the Challenges of Implementing Concrete and Conceptual Cooperative Learning.” Issues in Educational Research 28, no 2: 385–404. http://www.iier.org.au/iier28/ghaith.pdf.

Gibbs, Graham. 1988. Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Further Education Unit.

Gillen, Christopher M. 2006. “Criticism and Interpretation: Teaching the Persuasive Aspects of Research Articles.” CBE—Life Sciences Education 5, no. 1: 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.05-08-0101.

Gillies, Robyn M., and Asaduzzaman Khan. 2008. “The Effects of Teacher Discourse on Students’ Discourse, Problem-Solving and Reasoning During Cooperative Learning.” International Journal of Educational Research 47, no. 6: 323–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2008.06.001.

Hattie, John A. C. 2009. Visible Learning: A Synthesis of over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge.

Hyland, Ken, and Fiona Hyland. 2006. “Contexts and Issues in Feedback on L2 Writing: An Introduction.” In Feedback in Second Language Writing: Contexts and Issues, edited by Ken Hyland, and Fiona Hyland, 1–19. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, David, W., Roger, Johnson, T., and Holubec, Edythe. 2013. Cooperation in the Classroom (9th ed.). Edina, MN, Interaction Book Company.

Kagan, Spencer. 1992. “Cooperative learning. San Juan Capistrano, CA: Resources for Teachers.”

Kegan, Robert. 1980. “Making Meaning: The Constructive-Developmental Approach to Persons and Practice.” The Personnel and Guidance Journal 58, no. 5: 373−80. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-4918.1980.tb00416.x.

Kingsley, Barbara. E., and Julia M. Robertson. 2017. “Exploring Reticence in Research Methods: The Experience of Studying Psychological Research Methods in Higher Education.” Psychology Teaching Review 23, no. 2: 4–19. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1160268.pdf.

Kolb. David A. 2014. Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Pearson FT Press.

Lain, Sheryl, Lisa Fink, and Nancy Frey. 2007. “Reaffirming the Writing Workshop for Young Adolescents.” Voices from the Middle 14, no. 3: 20–28. https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.aub.edu.lb/scholarly-journals/reaffirming-writing-workshop-young-adolescents/docview/213930397/se-2?accountid=8555.

Louden, William, Mary Rohl, Caroline Barratt Pugh, Claire Brown, Trevor Cairney, Jess Elderfield, Helen House, Marion Meiers, Judith Rivalland, and Ken Rowe. 2005. In Teachers' Hands: Effective Literacy Teaching Practices in the Early Years of Schooling. Australia: Edith Cowan University.

Macalister, John. 2018. “Professional Development and the Place of Journals in ELT.” RELC Journal 49, no. 2: 238–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688218771385.

Mercer, Neil. 2000. Words and Minds: How We Use Language to Think Together and Get Things Done. London: Routledge.

Miller, Andrew. 2016. “6 Strategies for Differentiated Instruction in Project Based Learning.” (blog). 8 January 2016. https://www.edutopia.org/blog/differentiated-instruction-strategies-pbl-andrew-miller.

Nation, Paul. 2018. “Keeping it Practical and Keeping it Simple.” Language Teaching 51, no. 1: 138–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444817000349.

Nicholas, Maria, and Louise Paatsch. 2014.“Teacher Practice: A Spotlight on the Use of Feedback and Conferencing in the First Year of Schooling.” Australian Journal of Teacher Education 39, no. 9: 130–52. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.693324044152229.

Nind, Melanie, Daniel Kilburn, and Rebekah Luff. 2015. “The Teaching and Learning of Social Research Methods: Developments in Pedagogical Knowledge.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 18, no. 5: 455–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2015.1062631.

Noda, Wataru, and JunkoTanaka-Matsumi. 2014. “Application of a Three-Tiered Instruction Model for Japanese Second-Grade Students to Improve Accuracy and Fluency of Multiplication Facts.” Journal of Special Education Research 2, no. 2: 71–79. https://doi.org/10.6033/specialeducation.2.71.

Norris, Stephen, and Linda M. Phillips. 2003. “How Literacy in its Fundamental Sense is Central to Scientific Literacy.” Science Education 87, no. 2: 224–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.10066.

Nystrand, Martin, Lawrence L. Wu, Adam Gamoran, Susie Zeiser, and Daniel A. Long. 2003. “Questions in Time: Investigating the Structure and Dynamics of Unfolding Classroom Discourse.” Discourse Processes 35, no. 2: 135–98.

https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326950DP3502_3.

Parsons, Seth A., Margaret Vaughn, Roya Qualls Scales, Melissa A. Gallagher, Allison Ward Parsons, Stephanie G. Davis, Melissa Pierczynski, and Melony Allen. 2018. “Teachers' Instructional Adaptations: A Research Synthesis.” Review of Educational Research 88, no. 2: 205–42. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654317743198.

Pychyl, Timothy A. and Fuschia M. Sirois. 2016. “Procrastination, Emotion Regulation, and Well-Being.” In Procrastination, Health, and Well-being, edited by Timothy A.Pychyl and Fuschia M. Sirois, 163–88. New York: Academic Press.

Rakap, Salih, and Asiye Parlak‐Rakap. 2011. “Effectiveness of Embedded Instruction in Early Childhood Special Education: A Literature Review.” European Early Childhood Education Research Journal 19, no. 1: 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2011.548946.

Rogoff, Barbara. 1990. Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Social Context. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sharan, Yael, and Shlomo Sharan. 1992. Expanding Cooperative Learning Through Group Investigation. New York: Teachers College Press.

Shrum, Donna L. 2019. “Empower Students Through Individual Conferences.” ASCD Express 14 (22). Advance Online Publication. http://www.ascd.org/ascd-express/vol14/num22/empower-students-through-individual-conferences.aspx.

Simons, Krista D., and James D. Klein. 2007. “The Impact of Scaffolding and Student Achievement Levels in a Problem-Based Learning Environment.” Instructional Science 35, no. 1: 41–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-006-9002-5.

Slavin, Robert, E. 1995. Cooperative Learning: Theory, Research, and Practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Smets, Wouter, Debbie De Neve, and Katrien Struyven. 2020. “Responding to Students’ Learning Needs: How Secondary Education Teachers Learn to Implement Differentiated Instruction.” Educational Action Research: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1848604.

Steenbergen-Hu, Saiying, Matthew C. Makel, and Paula Olszewski-Kubilius. 2016. “What One Hundred Years of Research Says about The Effects of Ability Grouping and Acceleration on K-12 Students' Academic Achievement: Findings of Two Second-Order Meta-Analyses.” Review of Educational Research. 86, no. 4: 849–99. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316675417.

Subban, Pearl. 2006. “Differentiated Instruction: A Research Basis.” International Education Journal 7, no. 7: 935–47. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ854351.

Tomlinson, Carol Ann. 2015. “Teaching for Excellence in Academically Diverse Classrooms.” Society 52, no. 3: 203–09. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-015-9888-0.

Tomlinson, Carol Ann, and Marcia B. Imbeau. 2013. “Differentiated Instruction: An Integration of Theory and Practice.” In Handbook of Educational Theories, edited by Beverly Irby, Genevieve H. Brown, Rafael LaraAiecio, and Shirley A. Jackson, 1081–101. North Carolina: Information Age Publishing.

Veilleux, Jennifer C., and Kate M. Chapman. 2017. “Development of a Research Methods and Statistics Concept Inventory.” Teaching of Psychology 44, no. 3: 203–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0098628317711287.

Vollmeyer, Regina, and Falko Rheinberg. 2005. “A Surprising Effect of Feedback on Learning.” Learning and Instruction 15, no. 6: 589-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2005.08.001.

Wagner, Claire, Mark, Garner, and Barbara, Kawulich. 2011. “The State of the Research Methods in Social Sciences: Towards a Pedagogical Culture.” Studies in Higher Education 36, no. 1: 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903452594.

Wong, Mary Shepard. 2011. “Fifty Ways to Develop Professionally: What Language Educators Need to Succeed.” Language Education in Asia 2, no. 1: 142–55. https://doi.org/10.5746/LEIA%2F11%2FV2%2FI1%2FA12%2FWONG.

Yi, Erika. 2018. “Themes Don’t Just Emerge-Coding the Qualitative Data.” Project UX, November 10, 2020. https://medium.com/@projectux/themes-dont-just-emerge-coding-the-qualitative-data-95aff874fdce.

Appendix References

Clark, David L. (n. d.). “Worksheet A: Statement of the Problem.” Advance online publication. https://www.gallaudet.edu/documents/Research-Support-and-International-Affairs/research-design-worksheets.pdf.

Kerlinger, Frederick Nichols. 1973. Foundations of Behavioral Research (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

teacher and student conferencing

Downloads

Published

2022-01-12

How to Cite

Ghaith, Ghazi, and Ghada Awada. 2022. “Scaffolding Understanding of Scholarly Educational Research Through Teacher/Student Conferencing and Differentiated Instruction”. Teaching and Learning Inquiry 10 (January). https://doi.org/10.20343/teachlearninqu.10.8.