American Indian Water Insecurity in the Era of COVID-19
Mots-clés :
american indians, covid-19, environmental justice, water, water insecurity, Indigenous peopleRésumé
In 2020, many of the COVID-19 outbreaks in the U.S. have been in majority-Black and Indigenous communities, where residents are continually water insecure and have been striving for access to affordable, safe water for years, if not decades. Frequent hand washing is recommended as one of the primary ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, regular hand washing necessitates access to adequate, safe, and affordable water. Water insecurity is a significant problem for Indigenous people in the U.S., with nearly 9% of American Indian households lacking safe and sufficient water resources compared to less than 1% of the general U.S. population. Without access to safe water, COVID-19 disproportionality affects Indigenous people in the U.S. who live in water insecure settings. To protect the health of tribal communities, urgent action is needed to push forward policy reform and successive action that was needed prior to the pandemic but is necessary now more than ever.
Références
Anderson, K., Clow, B., & Haworth-Brockman, M. (2013). Carriers of water: Aboriginal women’s experiences, relationships, and reflections. Journal of Cleaner Production, 60(Supplement C), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.10.023
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). Water, climate change, and COVID-19: Prioritising those in water-stressed settings. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(5), e175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30084-X
Boggild, A. K., Yuan, L., Low, D. E., & McGeer, A. J. (2011). The impact of influenza on the Canadian First Nations. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne de Sante’e Publique, 102(5), 345–348. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41995629
CDC. (2009). Deaths Related to 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Among American Indian/Alaska Natives—12 States, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(48), 1341–1344.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Past Pandemics [Government]. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html
Chapman, R. L. (2020, June 30). Coronavirus has laid bare the racial fault lines in access to clean, safe water. The Guardian. Retrieved June 30, 2020 from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/30/coronavirus-clean-safe-water-racial-fault-lines
Dahal, S., Mizumoto, K., Bolin, B., Viboud, C., & Chowell, G. (2018). Natality decline and spatial variation in excess death rates during the 1918-1920 Influenza pandemic in Arizona, United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(12), 2577–2584. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy146
Dikos Ntsaaígíí-19 (COVID-19). (n.d.). Retrieved June 29, 2020, from https://www.ndoh.navajo-nsn.gov/COVID-19
Doxey, M., Chrzaszcz, L., Dominguez, A., & James, R. D. (2019). A forgotten danger: Burden of influenza mortality among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1999-2016. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25, S7. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001062
Groom, A. V., Jim, C., LaRoque, M., Mason, C., McLaughlin, J., Neel, L., Powell, T., Weiser, T., & Bryan, R. T. (2009). Pandemic influenza preparedness and vulnerable populations in tribal communities. American Journal of Public Health, 99(Supplement 2), S271–S278. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.157453
Hatcher, S. M. (2020). COVID-19 Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons—23 States, January 31–July 3, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e1
Hyde, K. (2020). Residential water quality and the spread of COVID-19 in the United States. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572341
Jones, D. S. (2006). The persistence of American Indian health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12), 2122–2134. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.054262
Kelm, M. E. (1999). British Columbia First Nations and influenza pandemic of 1918-19. BC Studies, 122(Summer), 23–48. ISSN: 0005-2949
Kohn, M. (2020, July 6). Warm Springs water crisis continues. The Bulletin. https://www.bendbulletin.com/localstate/warm-springs-water-crisis-continues/article_b1a023fc-bd7a-11ea-b59c-f394f1e28235.html
Lehtinen, U. (1998). Environmental racism: The U.S. nuclear industry and Native Americans. Abya Yala News, 11(1), 20-21. Retrieved September 10, 2018, http://www.abyayalanews.org/document/1499
Mamelund, S.-E., Sattenspiel, L., & Dimka, J. (2013). Influenza-Associated Mortality during the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic in Alaska and Labrador: A Comparison. Social Science History, 37(2), 177–229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200010634
Mitchell, F. M. (2019a). “Water Is Life”: Using photovoice to document American Indian perspectives of water and health. Social Work Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/swr/svy025
Mitchell, F. M. (2019b). Water (in)security and American Indian health: Social and environmental justice implications for policy, practice, and research. Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.10.010
Mousseau, M. (2013). H1N1 in retrospect: A review of risk factors and policy recommendations. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2013.4.2.4
Navajo Water Project. (2020). https://www.navajowaterproject.org/
NMDOH COVID-19 Public Dashboard. (2020, August 20). https://cv.nmhealth.org/dashboard
Power, T., Wilson, D., Best, O., Brockie, T., Bearskin, L. B., Millender, E., & Lowe, J. (2020). COVID-19 and Indigenous Peoples: An imperative for action. Journal of Clinical Nursing, n/a(n/a). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320
Ruche, G. L., Tarantola, A., Barboza, P., Vaillant, L., Gueguen, J., Gastellu-Etchegorry, M., & InVS, F. the E. I. T. A. (2009). The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza and Indigenous populations of the Americas and the Pacific. Eurosurveillance, 14(42), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.14.42.19366-en
Stokes, E. K. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance—United States, January 22–May 30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2
Summers, J. A., Baker, M., & Wilson, N. (2018). New Zealand’s experience of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic: A systematic review after 100 years. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 131(1487), 54–69. PMID: 30543612
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. https://covid19.who.int
