An Examination of Educational Leadership Preparation in Ontario: Are Principals Prepared to Lead Equitably?
Mots-clés :
principal preparation, educational leadership, equity, diversity, inclusion, critical race theory, applied critical leadershipRésumé
In response to the changing demographics of schools in Canada and efforts to better equip principals to challenging inequity, leadership preparation programs have adopted new policies focused more on leading with an equity lens. However, studies have demonstrated a disconnect between what is covered in these leadership programs and how school principals actually perceive their ability to lead equitably and work with diverse learners. Six current school principals and vice principals in Ontario, Canada who have successfully completed a Principal Qualification Program (PQP) course were interviewed to understand their perceptions on the program’s ability to prepare them to lead, and their perceptions on concepts of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI). The racial experiences and identities of each participant shaped their definitions of EDI, as well as their understandings of difference. Study findings indicate several critical areas of change for principal preparation programs in Ontario: training guidelines, efforts to prepare educators to be equitable leaders, and the educators’ perceptions on their preparedness to lead. Utilization of Critical Race Theory in Education and Applied Critical Leadership additionally help frame analysis and support the need to integrate culturally relevant pedagogical practice into leadership preparation programs.Références
Abawi, Z. (2021). Race(ing) to the top: Interrogating the underrepresentation of BIPOC education leaders in Ontario public schools. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Leadership Studies, 2(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.52547/johepal.2.1.80
Barr, J., & Saltmarsh, S. (2014). “It all comes down to the leadership”: The role of the school principal in fostering parent-school engagement. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 42(4), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143213502189
Brown, A., & Danaher, P. A. (2019). CHE Principles: Facilitating authentic and dialogical semi-structured interviews in educational research. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 42(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2017.1379987
Capper, C. A., Alston, J., Gause, C. P., Koschoreck, J. W., López, G., Lugg, C. A., & Mckenzie, K. B. (2006). Integrating lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender topics and their intersections with other areas of difference into the leadership preparation curriculum: Practical ideas and strategies. Journal of School Leadership, 16(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460601600203
Cherkowski, S. (2010). Leadership for diversity, inclusion and sustainability: Teachers as leaders. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 9(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.2304/csee.2010.9.1.23
Churchley, J., Handford, V., Neufeld, P., & Purvey, D. (2017). Mapping principal preparation programs in British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Humanities and Education, 3(2), 110–128. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijhe/issue/35953/404060
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Education research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson.
Davis, S. H., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2012). Innovative principal preparation programs: What works and how we know. Planning and Changing, 43(1/2), 25–45.
Dei, G. J. S. (2011). Defense of official multiculturalism and recognition of the necessity of critical anti-racism. Canadian Issues, 15–19.
Education Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.2, Ontario Regulation 274/12: Hiring Practices (2012). https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/120274/v1
Evans, A. E. (2007). School leaders and their sensemaking about race and demographic change. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(2), 159–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x06294575
Fields, X., & Wotipka, C. M. (2022). Effect of LGBT anti-discrimination laws on school climate
and outcomes for lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 19(3), 307–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2020.1821276
Galloway, M. K., & Ishimaru, A. M. (2017). Equitable leadership on the ground: Converging on
high-leverage practices. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 25(2), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2205
George, R. C., Maier, R., & Robson, K. (2020). Ignoring race: A comparative analysis of education policy in British Columbia and Ontario. Race Ethnicity and Education, 23(2), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2019.1679754
Guillaume, R. O., Saiz, M. S., & Amador, A. G. (2020). Prepared to lead: Educational leadership graduates as catalysts for social justice praxis. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 15(4), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775119829887
Howard, T. C. (2003). Culturally relevant pedagogy: Ingredients for critical teacher reflection. Theory Into Practice, 42(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4203_5
Jiang, B., Patterson, J., Chandler, M., & Chan, T. C. (2009). Practicum experience in educational leadership program: Perspectives of supervisors, mentors and candidates. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 15(57), 77–108. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kuey/issue/10340/126688
Kempf, A. (2020). If we are going to talk about implicit race bias, we need to talk about
structural racism: Moving beyond ubiquity and inevitability in teaching and learning about race. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 19(2), Article 10. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/taboo/vol19/iss2/10
Khalifa, M. (2018). Culturally responsive school leadership. Harvard Education Press.
Kutsyuruba, B., Klinger, D. A., & Hussain, A. (2015). Relationships among school climate,
school safety, and student achievement and well-being: A review of the literature. Review
of Education, 3(2), 103–135. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3043
Ladson‐Billings, G. (1995). But that’s just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory Into Practice, 34(3), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405849509543675
Ladson-Billings, G. & Tate, W. F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers
College Record, 97(1). 47–68.
Ledesma, M. C., & Calderón, D. (2015). Critical Race Theory in education: A review of past literature and a look to the future. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414557825
Lopez, A. E. (2015). Navigating cultural borders in diverse contexts: Building capacity through culturally responsive leadership and critical praxis. Multicultural Education Review, 7(3), 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615x.2015.1072080
Lopez, A. E. (2019). Anti-Black racism in education: School leaders’ journey of resistance
and hope. In R. Papa (Ed.), Handbook on promoting social justice in education (pp. 1–16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74078-2_37-1
Love, B. L. (2019). We want to do more than survive: Abolitionist teaching and the pursuit
of educational freedom. Beacon Press.
McMahon, B. (2007). Educational administrators’ conceptions of whiteness, anti‐racism and social justice. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(6), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230710829874
Ontario College of Teachers. (2017). Principal’s Qualification Program guideline. https://www.oct.ca/-/media/pdf/principals%20qualification%20program%202017/2017%20pqp%20guideline%20en%20web_accessible.pdf
Parsons, J., & Beauchamp, L. (2012). Leadership in effective elementary schools: A synthesis of five case studies. US-China Education Review B, 8, 697–711.
Pollock, K., & Briscoe, P. (2019). School principals’ understandings of student difference and diversity and how these understandings influence their work. International Journal of Educational Management, 34(3), 518–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-07-2019-0243
Rogers-Ard, R. & Knaus, C. B. (2020). But I don’t want to be a principal: Intersectional
racism and black leadership pathways. In Black Educational Leadership. Routledge.
Safir, S., & Dugan, J. (2021). Street data: A next-generation model for equity, pedagogy, and school transformation. Corwin Press.
Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed). SAGE Publications.
Santamaría, L. J. (2021). Applied Critical Leadership: A way forward through shared
disproportionate trauma. Academia Letters, Article 592. https://doi.org/10.20935/al592
Santamaría, L. J., & Jean-Marie, G. (2014). Cross-cultural dimensions of applied, critical, and transformational leadership: Women principals advancing social justice and educational equity. Cambridge Journal of Education, 44(3), 333–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305764x.2014.904276
Santamaría, L. J., & Santamaría, A. P. (2012). Applied critical leadership in education: Choosing change. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203818688
Santamaría, L. J., & Santamaría, A. P. (2015). Counteracting educational injustice with applied critical leadership: Culturally responsive practices promoting sustainable change. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1), 22–41. https://doi.org/10.18251/ijme.v17i1.1013
Santamaría, L. J., Santamaría, A. P., & Singh, G. K. P. (2017). One against the grain: Re-imagining the face of school leadership in Aotearoa New Zealand. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(5), 612–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-11-2016-0237
Santamaría, L. J., Santamaría, A. P., Webber, M., & Pearson, H. (2014). Indigenous urban school leadership (IUSL): A critical cross-cultural comparative analysis of educational leaders in New Zealand and the United States. Canadian and International Education, 43(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v43i1.9240
Stone-Johnson, C., Gray, C., & Wright, C. (2021). Learning to lead socially just schools: An exploration of candidate readiness for equity-focused principal preparation in the United States. Professional Development in Education, 47(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1814386
Tate, W. F. (1997). Chapter 4: Critical race theory and education: History, theory, and implications. Review of Research in Education, 22(1), 195–247. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732x022001195
Taylor, C. & Peter, T., with McMinn, T. L., Elliott, T., Beldom, S., Ferry, A., Gross, Z., Paquin, S., & Schachter, K. (2011). Every class in every school: Final report on the first national climate survey on homophobia, biphobia, and transphobia in Canadian schools. Egale Canada Human Rights Trust. https://egale.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Every-Class-In-Every-School-Final-Report.pdf
Taylor, K., Coulombe, S., Coleman, T. A., Cameron, R., Davis, C., Wilson, C. L., Woodford, M.
R., & Travers, R. (2022). Social support, discrimination, and self-esteem in LGBTQ + high school and post-secondary students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 19(3), 350–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2020.1812465
The Canadian Press. (2023, August 23). N.B. doubles down on LGBTQ school policy after report
says it violates Charter rights. CTV News. https://atlantic.ctvnews.ca/n-b-doubles-down-on-lgbtq-school-policy-after-report-says-it-violates-charter-rights-1.6531389
The Institute for Education Leadership. (2013). The Ontario Leadership Framework: A school and system leader’s guide to putting Ontario’s Leadership Framework into action. https://www.education-leadership-ontario.ca/application/files/8814/9452/4183/Ontario_Leadership_Framework_OLF.pdf
Theoharis, G., & Haddix, M. (2011). Undermining racism and a whiteness ideology: White
principals living a commitment to equitable and excellent schools. Urban Education, 46(6), 1332–1351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085911416012
Tooms, A. (2007). The right kind of queer: Fit and the politics of school leadership. Journal
of School Leadership, 17(5), 601–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268460701700503
Tuck, E., & Yang, K. W. (2012). Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity,
Education & Society, 1(1), 1–40. https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/des/article/view/18630
Tuters, S., & Portelli, J. (2017). Ontario school principals and diversity: Are they prepared to
lead for equity? International Journal of Educational Management, 31(5), 598–611.
https://doi.org/10.1108/ijem-10-2016-0228
Wallin, D. C., & Peden, S. (2014). Touring Turtle Island: Fostering leadership capacity to
support First Nations, Métis, and Inuit learners. In Education, 19(3), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.37119/ojs2014.v19i3.150
Webber, C. F., Mentz, K., Scott, S., Okoko, J. M., & Scott, D. (2014). Principal preparation in Kenya, South Africa, and Canada. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1108/jocm-07-2013-0125
Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/1361332052000341006
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Nia Spooner 2024
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
Les auteurs dont les articles sont publiés dans la Revue acceptent les conditions suivantes :
-
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la Revue un droit de première publication, les travaux faisant en même temps l’objet d’une licence d'attribution Creative Commons autorisant d’autres parties à diffuser les travaux, sous réserve d’une mention de l’auteur et de la publication initiale dans la RCAPE.
-
Il est permis aux auteurs de conclure des ententes contractuelles distinctes additionnelles en vue de la diffusion non exclusive de la version de travaux parus dans la Revue (p. ex. pour enregistrement dans un dépôt institutionnel ou inclusion dans un ouvrage), à la condition d’inclure une mention de la parution initiale dans la RCAPE.
-
Les auteurs sont autorisés et encouragés à faire paraître leurs travaux en ligne (p. ex. dans des dépôts institutionnels ou dans leurs sites Web) avant et pendant le processus d’évaluation, ce qui peut déboucher sur des échanges productifs et favoriser et faire que les travaux publiés soient cités plus tôt et plus fréquemment