A Tale of Two Policies: The Case of School Discipline in an Ontario School Board
Mots-clés :
School Discipline, Safe Schools Act, Progressive Discipline, Tight Coupling, Loose Coupling, Education PolicyRésumé
This study examines how staff working for one Ontario school board perceive two distinct approaches to school discipline policy: the Safe Schools Act (Bill 81) and Progressive Discipline and School Safety (Bill 212). The more centrally controlled and rigid Safe Schools Act was criticized by interviewees and cited for human rights violations. However, the inherent flexibility and vagueness of the Progressive Discipline policy that replaced it was seen to lead to inconsistent policy implementation and unequal outcomes for students. This paper considers the broader implications of policies that are “tightly coupled” or “loosely coupled” in terms of teachers’ professional discretion, accountability, and student outcomes.Références
Adams, A. T. (2000). The status of school discipline and violence. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 567, 140-156.
Arum, R. (2003). Judging school discipline: The crisis of moral authority. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Aurini, J. (2012). Patterns of loose and tight coupling in a competitive private education marketplace: The case of learning center franchises. Sociology of Education, 85(4), 376-390.
Beck, K. (2012). Globalization/s: Reproduction and resistance in the internationalization of higher education. Canadian Journal of Education, 35(3), 133-148.
Black Learners Advisory Committee (1994). BLAC report on education: Redressing inequality-empowering black learners. Volume 3. Participatory Action. Retrieved from https://acs.ednet.ns.ca/sites/default/files/BLAC%20Report%20on%20Education%20Vol%201-3.pdf
Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste. (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1977). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In J. Karabel & A.H. Halsey (Eds.), Power and ideology in education (pp.487-511). New York: Oxford University Press.
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, C. (1977). Reproduction in education, society, culture. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Ltd.
Bowles, S. & Gintis, H. (1976). Schooling in capitalist America. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Brent, R.H. (2007). Safety and security in schools: Update on the Safe Schools Act – Beyond Zero Tolerance? Thomson and Rogers. Ontario Bar Association, Institute of Continuing Education. Retrieved from https://www.thomsonrogers.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Safety-and-Security-in-Schools-Update-on-the-Safe-Schools-Act-Beyond-Zero-Tolerance.pdf
Brint, S., Contreras, M.F., & Matthews, M.T. (2001). Socialization messages in primary schools: An organizational analysis. Sociology of Education, 74, 157-180.
Bromley, P. (2014). Comparing minority and human rights discourse in social science textbooks: Cross-national patterns, 1970-2008. Canadian Review of Sociology, 39(1), 1-44.
Burdick-Will, J. (2013). School violent crime and academic achievement in Chicago. Sociology of Education, 86(4), 343-361.
Coburn, C. (2004). Beyond decoupling: Rethinking the relationship between the institutional environment and the classroom. Sociology of Education, 77(3), 211-243.
Deal, R.E., & Celotti, L.D. (1980). How much influence do (and can) educational administrators have on classrooms? The Phi Delta Kappan, 61(7), 471-473.
Delucchi, M. (2000). Staking a claim: The decoupling of liberal arts mission statements from baccalaureate degrees awarded in higher education. Sociological Inquiry, 70(2), 157-71.
Dimmock, C., & Yong Tan, C. (2013). Educational leadership in Singapore: Tight coupling, sustainability, scalability, and succession. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(3), 320-340.
Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral education. (E.K. Wilson & H. Schnurer Trans.). New York: The Free Press.
Englehart, J.M. (2014). Considerations for 21st-century disciplinary policy and practice. Journal of School Leadership, 24(4), 666-690.
Findlay, N.M. (2012). At law’s end: In-school administrators’ exercise of discretion in disciplinary decision making. In Manley-Casimir, M., & Moffat, A.D. (Eds.), Administrative discretion in education (pp. 15-48). Calgary, AB: Brush Education Inc.
Fusarelli, L.D. (2002). Tightly coupled policy in loosely coupled systems: Institutional capacity and organizational change. Journal of Educational Administration, 40(6), 561-575.
Hallett, T. (2010). The myth incarnate: Recoupling processes, turmoil, and inhabited institutions in an urban elementary school. American Sociological Review, 75(1), 52-74.
Hoffman, S. (2014). Zero benefit: Estimating the effect of zero tolerance discipline policies on racial disparities in school discipline. Education Policy, 28(1), 69-95.
Ingersoll, R. (2006). Who controls teachers’ work? Power and accountability in America’s schools. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Karabel, J., & Hasley, A.H. (Eds.) (1977). Power and ideology in education. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jennings, J. (2010). School choice or schools’ choice? Managing in an era of accountability. Sociology of Education, 83(3),227-47.
Labaree, D. (2010). Someone has to fail: The zero-sum game of public schooling. Harvard University Press.
Manley-Casimir, M. (2012). A case study of discretion in school discipline. In Manley-Casimir, M., & Moffat, A.D. (Eds.), Administrative discretion in education (pp. 48-73). Calgary, AB: Brush Education Inc.
Manley-Casimir, M., & Moffat, A.D. (Eds.). (2012). Administrative discretion in education. Calgary, AB: Brush Education Inc.
Meyer, H.D., & Rowan, B. (2006). Institutional analysis and the study of education. In H. Meyer & B. Rowan (Eds.), The new institutionalism in education (pp.1-13). Albany: SUNY Press.
Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, W. (1977). The institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363.
Meyer, J.W., & Rowan, W. (1978). The structure of educational organizations. In M. Meyer (Eds.). Environments and organizations (pp.79-109). San Francisco: Jossy Bass.
Milne, E. (2015). Renegotiating family-school relationships among Indigenous Peoples in southern Ontario. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Waterloo, Department of Sociology and Legal Studies. Retrieved from https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/9810
Milne, E., & Aurini, J. (2015). Schools, cultural mobility, and social reproduction: The case of progressive discipline. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 40(1), 51-74.
Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic responses to institutional processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179.
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2007). Human rights settlement reached with Ministry of Education on safe schools – terms of settlement. Retrieved from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/human-rights-settlement-reached-ministry-education-safe-schools-terms-settlement
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2005) Terms of settlement-Ontario Human Rights Commission and the Toronto District School Board. Retrieved from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/news/Nov142005Backgrounder
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2003). The Ontario Safe Schools Act: School discipline and discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/ontario-safe-schools-act-school-discipline-and-discrimination
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2013). Supporting bias-free progressive discipline in schools: A resource guide for school and system leaders. The Ontario Ministry of Education in collaboration with the Ontario Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/policyfunding/SupportResGuide.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2012). Policy/program memorandum no, 145: Progressive discipline and promoting positive student behaviour. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/extra/eng/ppm/145.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2010). Caring and safe schools in Ontario: Supporting students with special education needs through progressive discipline, kindergarten to grade 12. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/elemsec/speced/Caring_Safe_School.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2007). Bill 212. Education amendment act: Progressive discipline and school safety. Retrieved from http://www.ontla.on.ca/web/bills/bills_detail.do?locale=en&BillID=1618
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2005). Safer schools...safer communities: Discussion guide. Safe Schools Action Team. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/ssareview/safeE.pdf
Ontario Ministry of Education. (2000). The safe schools act 2000, legislation Bill 81. Retrieved from http://www.ontla.on.ca/bills/bills-files/37_Parliament/Session1/b081ra.pdf
Parsons, R. (1959). The school class as a social system: Some of its functions in American society. Harvard Educational Review, 29(4),297-318.
Porowski, A., O’Conner, R., & Passa, A. (2014). Disproportionality in school discipline: An assessment of trends in Maryland, 2009–12 (REL 2014–017). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=REL2014017
Public Agenda. (2004a). Teaching interrupted: Do discipline policies in today’s public schools foster the common good? Prepared by Public Agenda with support from Common Good. Retrieved from http://www.publicagenda.org/files/teaching_interrupted.pdf
Public Agenda. (2004b). Discipline problems, unruly behavior, seriously threatening student achievement. Retrieved from http://www.publicagenda.org/press-releases/discipline-problems-unruly-behavior-seriously-threatening-student-achievement
Puxley, C. (2007, April 10). Ontario to scrap zero-tolerance at schools. Toronto Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/10/ontario_to_scrap_zerotolerance_at_schools.html
Ramey, D.M. (2015). The social structure of criminalized and medicalized school discipline. Sociology of Education, 88(3), 181-201.
Rashby, K., Ingram, L.A., & Joshee, R. (2014). Discovering, recovering and covering-up Canada: Tracing historical citizenship discourses in K-12 and adult immigrant citizenship education. Canadian Journal of Education, 37(2), 1-26.
Ruck, M.D., & Wortley, S. (2002). Racial and ethnic minority high school students’ perceptions of school disciplinary processes: A look at some Canadian findings. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(3), 185-195.
Saldaña, J. (Ed.). (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
Sauder, M., & Espeland, W.N. (2009). The discipline of rankings: Tight coupling and organizational change. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 63-82.
Skiba, R.J., Horner, R.H., Chung, C., Rausch, M.K., May, S.L., & Tobin, T. (2011). Race is not neutral: A national investigation of African American and Latino disproportionality in school discipline. School Psychology Review, 40(1), 85-107.
Skiba, R.J., Shure, L.A., Middleberg, L.V., & Baker, T.L. (2012). Reforming school discipline and reducing disproportionality in suspension and expulsion. In S.R. Jimmerson, A.B. Nickerson, M.J. Mayer, & M.J. Furlong (Eds.). Handbook of school violence and school safety (2nd ed., pp.515-529). New York: Routledge.
Spillane, J., & Burch, P. (2006). The institutional environment and the technical core in K-12 schools: Loose coupling revisited. In H.D. Meyer & B. Rowan (Eds.), The new institutionalism in education (pp. 89-100). Albany: State University of New York Press.
Spillane, J.P., Parise, L.M., & Sherer, J.Z. (2011). Organizational routines as coupling mechanisms: Policy, school administration, and the technical core. American Education Research Journal, 48(3), 586-619.
Suvall, C. (2009). Restorative justice in schools: Learning from Jena High School. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, 44, 547-570.
Wallace, J.M., Goodkind, S., Wallace, C.M., Bachman, J.G. (2008). Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in school discipline among U.S. high school students: 1991-2005. Negro Educational Review, 59(1-2), 47-62.
Weick, K. (1976). Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(1), 1-19.
Weick, K. (1982). Administering education in loosely coupled schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 63(10),673-676.
Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labour-how working class kids get working class jobs. Farnborough: Saxon House.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Les auteurs dont les articles sont publiés dans la Revue acceptent les conditions suivantes :
-
Les auteurs conservent leurs droits d’auteur et accordent à la Revue un droit de première publication, les travaux faisant en même temps l’objet d’une licence d'attribution Creative Commons autorisant d’autres parties à diffuser les travaux, sous réserve d’une mention de l’auteur et de la publication initiale dans la RCAPE.
-
Il est permis aux auteurs de conclure des ententes contractuelles distinctes additionnelles en vue de la diffusion non exclusive de la version de travaux parus dans la Revue (p. ex. pour enregistrement dans un dépôt institutionnel ou inclusion dans un ouvrage), à la condition d’inclure une mention de la parution initiale dans la RCAPE.
-
Les auteurs sont autorisés et encouragés à faire paraître leurs travaux en ligne (p. ex. dans des dépôts institutionnels ou dans leurs sites Web) avant et pendant le processus d’évaluation, ce qui peut déboucher sur des échanges productifs et favoriser et faire que les travaux publiés soient cités plus tôt et plus fréquemment