Social Media Enabled Contract Cheating
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11575/cpai.v2i2.68053Keywords:
contract cheating, contract cheating industry, academic integrity, social media, essay mills, marketing, academic ghost writing, Canada, Facebook, TwitterAbstract
The contract cheating industry, those services and individuals who are supplying students with original work for assessment, is evolving. Contract cheating companies are using enhanced marketing techniques, including social media marketing, to encourage potential customers to avail themselves of services that breach academic integrity. Social media is proving to be integral to the success of the contract cheating industry as a whole. It allows contract cheating companies to recruit academic ghost writers and other staff. In addition, social media is fuelling a black market trade in contract cheating service accounts. Potential ghost writers who would not otherwise qualify are using this hidden market to get accounts to work for contract cheating services.
This paper examines the state of the contract cheating industry, paying particular attention to the role that social media has played in the industry’s development and apparent growth. The discussion of the industry is supported by example and case studies. These cover the end-to-end contract cheating process from when an essay mill is first set up, through to supplying services to students and to engaging contract cheating service workers. Examples of contract cheating and social media use of specific interest to Canadian academics and scholars are included. The paper concludes with a discussion of future challenges as well as the opportunities for academic integrity discussions. These are intended to enable academics to work with students as academic integrity partners and to enable discussions that make use of what is known about the operation of the contract cheating industry.References
Amigud, A. (2019). Cheaters on Twitter: an analysis of engagement approaches of contract cheating services. Studies in Higher Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1564258
Amigud, A. & Lancaster, T. (2019). 246 reasons to cheat: An analysis of students’ reasons for seeking to outsource academic work. Computers & Education, 134, 98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.017
Bretag, T., Harper, R., Burton, M., Ellis, C., Newton, P., Rozenberg, P., Saddiqui, S. & van Haeringen, K. (2018). Contract cheating: A survey of Australian university students. Studies in Higher Education, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1462788
Clarke, R. & Lancaster, T. (2006). Eliminating the successor to plagiarism? Identifying the usage of contract cheating sites. 2nd Plagiarism: Prevention, Practice and Policy Conference. Newcastle, United Kingdom.
Curtis, G. & Clare, J. (2017). How prevalent is contract cheating and to what extent are students repeat offenders? Journal of Academic Ethics, 2(15), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-017-9278-x
Dawson, P. & Sutherland-Smith, W. (2019). Can training improve marker accuracy at detecting contract cheating? A multi-disciplinary pre-post study. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 44(5), 715-725. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2018.1531109
Eaton, S. & Edino, R. (2018). Strengthening the research agenda of educational integrity in Canada: A review of the research literature and call to action. Journal of Educational Integrity, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-018-0028-7
Ellis, C., Zucker, I. & Randall, D. (2018). The infernal business of contract cheating: understanding the business processes and models of academic custom writing sites. International Journal for Educational Integrity 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-017-0024-3
EssayScam (2018). Extortion-blackmail email from a writer? https://essayscam.org/forum/gt/extortion-blackmail-email-writer-6258 (forum post)
Jenkins, T. & Helmore, S. (2006). Coursework for cash: the threat from online plagiarism. Proceedings of 7th Annual Higher Education Academy Conference in Information & Computer Sciences. Dublin, Ireland.
Kong, E., Goh, S., Gussen, B., Turner, J. & Abawi, L. (2019). Strategies on Addressing Contract Cheating. In Scholarly Ethics and Publishing: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp.176-198). IGI Global.
Lancaster, T. & Clarke, R. (2016). Contract cheating – the outsourcing of assessed student work. In Bretag, T. (Ed.), Handbook of Academic Integrity (pp. 639-654). SpringerReference.
Lancaster, T. (2019). Profiling the international academic ghost writers who are providing low-cost essays and assignments for the contract cheating industry. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 17(1), 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1108/JICES-04-2018-0040
Lines, L. (2016). Ghostwriters guaranteeing grades? The quality of online ghostwriting services available to tertiary students in Australia. Teaching in Higher Education, 21(8), 889-914. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2016.1198759
Medway, D., Roper, S. & Gillooly, L. (2018). Contract cheating in UK higher education: A covert investigation of essay mills. British Educational Research Journal, 44(3), 393-418. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3335
Murdoch, K. & House, D. (2019). Ghost in the shell: What happens when contract cheating meets online impersonation? 27th Annual International Center for Academic Integrity Conference, New Orleans, USA (presentation)
Newton, P. (2018). How common is commercial contract cheating in higher education? Frontiers in Education, 3(67) https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00067
Oliphant, T. (2002). Cyber-plagiarism: Plagiarism in a digital world. Feliciter, 48(2), 78-80.
Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) (2017). Contracting to Cheat in Higher Education - How to Address Contract Cheating, the Use of Third-Party Services and Essay Mills. Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/Contracting-to-cheat-in-higher-education.pdf
Rigby, D., Burton, M., Balcombe, K. & Mulatu, A. (2015). Contract cheating and the market in essays. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 111, 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2014.12.019
Rowland, S., Slade, C., Wong, K. & Whiting, B. (2018). ‘Just turn to us’: the persuasive features of contract cheating websites. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 43(4), 652-665. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2017.1391948
Rytkönen, R. (2016). Term papers and dissertations for sale! Valuing action and relations in Russian higher education, Master’s Thesis, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Social and Cultural Anthropology
Sotiriadou, P., Logan, D., Daly, A. & Guest, R. (2019). The role of authentic assessment to preserve academic integrity and promote skill development and employability. Studies in Higher Education, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1582015
Sivasubramaniam, S., Kostelidou, K. & Ramachandran, S. (2016). A close encounter with ghost-writers: an initial exploration study on background, strategies and attitudes of independent essay providers. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-016-0007-9
Stavisky, L. (1973). Term paper mills, academic plagiarism, and state regulation. Political Science Quarterly, 88(3), 445-461.
Sutherland-Smith, W. & Dullaghan, K. (2019). You don’t always get what you pay for: User experiences of engaging with contract cheating sites. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2019.1576028
Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) (2017). Good Practice Note: Addressing Contract Cheating to Safeguard Academic Integrity. Retrieved from https://www.teqsa.gov.au/latest-news/publications/good-practice-note-addressing-contract-cheating-safeguard-academic.
Wallace, M. & Newton, P. (2014). Turnaround time and market capacity in contract cheating. Educational Studies, 40(2), 233-236. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2014.889597.
Zheng, H. & Stokel-Walker, C. (2018). UK students are being hit by a wave of essay-writing scammers. Wired. Retrieved from https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uk-university-essay-cheating-spam