The Case of the Disappearing/Appearing Slow Learner: An Interpretive Mystery. Part Two: Cells of Categorical Confinement
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11575/jah.v0i0.53275Keywords:
hermeneutics, education, slow learners, psychology, diploma exams, disability historyAbstract
This follows the events described in Part One of this narrative. Max Hunter, a West Coast private detective, still conducting an investigation to find the educational category of slow learners at the behest of his client John Williamson, meets his client to discuss the next steps in the investigation. Max engages in some incognito detective work in educational settings and then encounters an injurious interruption to his casework. He then resumes his work, now as a wounded operative, by investigating the history of disability categorization with the help of two prominent critical theorists.
References
Alberta Education. (2015). General information bulletin diploma examination program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Author.
Alberta Education. (2013). General information bulletin diploma examination program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Author.
Alberta Education. (2010). Pathways to possibilities: The revised career and technology studies program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Author.
Alberta Teacher's Association. (2009). McQueen wonders why Hancock would “dumb down” diploma examinations. Retrieved from Alberta Teacher's Association:
http://www.teachers.ab.ca/News%20Room/EyeOnTheLegislature/Highlights%20from%20the%20Assembly/2009/Fall2009/Pages/29-Oct-2009.aspx
Allan, J. (2008). Rethinking of inclusive education: The philosophers of difference in practice. Dorecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
American Philosophical Society. (n.d). Eugenics tree logo in Cold Spring Harbor laboratory. http://www.dnalc.org/view/10229-Eugenics-tree-logo.html.
American Psychological Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
Armstrong, F. (2002). The historical development of special education: Humanitarian rationality or “wild profusion of entangled events.” History of Education, 31(5), 437-456. doi:10.1080/004676002101533627
Boyne, R. (1990). Foucault and Derrida: The other side of reason. London, UK: Routledge.
Buck 65. (2003). 50 gallon drum. [MP4] On Talking Honky Blues. Warner Brothers. Retrieved from iTunes.
Binet, A., & Simon, T.H. (1916). The intelligence of the feebleminded (E. S. Kite, Trans.). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
Blatt, B., & Kaplan, F. (1974). Christmas in purgatory: A photographic essay on mental retardation. New York, NY: Human Policy Press.
Burgess, M. (1999). Identifying reading disabilities: Why discrepancy-based definitions don’t work (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto. Retrieved from University of Toronto T-Space https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/16362/1/NQ41060.pdf.
Brignell, V. (Dec. 9, 2010a). The eugenics movement Britain wants to forget. The New Statesman. Retrieved from http://www.newstatesman.com/ society/2010/12/british-eugenics-disabled.
Brignell, V. (Dec. 10, 2010b). When America believed in eugenics. The New Statesman. Retrieved from http://www.newstatesman.com/society/ 2010/12/disabled-america-immigration.
Chandler, R. (1940). Farewell my lovely. New York, NY: Ballantine.
Davis, L.J. (2013). Constructing normalcy: The bell curve, the novel and the invention of the disabled body in the nineteenth century. In L.J. Davis (Ed.), The disability studies reader (pp. 3-16). New York, NY: Routledge.
Derrida, J. (1974). Of grammatology (G.C. Spivak, Trans.), Baltimore, MD: John’s Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, J. (1996). The Villanova roundtable: A conversation with Jacques Derrida. In J. D. Caputo (Ed.), Deconstruction in a nutshell (pp.1-27). New York, NY: Fordham University Press.
Doyle, W. (2002). The Oxford history of the French revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Dudley-Marling, C., & Gurn, A. (2010). The myth of the normal curve. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Erevelles, N. (2005). Rewriting critical pedagogy from the periphery: Materiality, disability and the politics of schooling. In S. Gabel (Ed.), Disability studies in education: Readings in theory and method, (pp. 65-84.) New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Foucault, M. (1974). Prisons et asiles dans le mécanisme du pouvoir. In C. O’Farrell (Trans.), Dits et EcritsVolume II. Foucault. Paris, France: Gallimard. Retrieved from http://www.michel-foucault.com/quote/2004q.html.
Foucault, M. (1988). Madness and civilization A history of insanity in the age of reason (R. Howard, Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage.
Foucault, M. (1997a). On the genealogy of ethics: An overview of work in progress. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (R. Hurley, Trans; pp. 253-280). New York, NY: The New Press.
Foucault, M. (1997b). Psychiatric power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (R. Hurley, Trans; pp. 39-50). New York, NY: The New Press.
Galton, F. (1892). Hereditary genius. New York, NY: D. Appleton. Retrieved from http://www.mugu.com/galton/books/hereditary-genius/text/pdf/galton-1869-genius-v3.pdf.
Gavin Loss, C., & Loss, C. (n.d). Progressive education – Philosophical foundations, pedagogical progressivism, administrative progressivism, life-adjustment progressivism. Education Encyclopedia State University.com. Retrieved from
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2336/Progressive-Education. html#ixzz3AOYWZc1T.
Gega, S. (2000). Sir Francis Galton. History of Psychology Archives. Retrieved from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/galton.htm.
Goddard, H.H. (1912). The Kallikak family: A study of the heredity of feeble-
mindedness. New York, NY: MacMillan. Retrieved from http://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=buckvbell
Goddard, H.H. (1919/2013). Psychology of the normal and subnormal. London, UK: Forgotten Books.
Goodrich, P. (2005). J.D. Cordozo Law Review, 27(2), 801-814.
Gould, S.J. (1996). The mismeasure of man, revised and expanded edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Hall, J.T. (1997). Social devaluation and special education: The right to full inclusion and an honest statement. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
Heidegger, M. (1927/1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Jardine, D.W. (2012). The Descartes lecture. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, June 16, 2012, Article 8. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5pr7n88.
Johnson, G.O. (1963). Education for the slow learners. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Keillor, G. (2013). The Lake Wobegon effect. A prairie home companion with Garrison Keillor. Retrieved from http://www.publicradio.org/columns/prairiehome/posthost/2013/04/01/the_lake_wobegon_effect.php
King, E. (2014). FAQ: Parents ask about struggling (slow) learners. School Psychologist Files. Retrieved from http://schoolpsychologistfiles.com/slowlearnerfaq/
Knobbe, J. (1978). The inception of the junior vocational program in Calgary public schools. (Unpublished master’s thesis) University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Noll, S. (1995). Feeble minded in our midst: Institutions for the mentally retarded in the south 1900-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Scull, A. (1993). The most solitary of afflictions: Madness and society in Britain 1700–1900. New Haven, CT & London, UK: Yale University Press.
Shaw, R.R. (2010). Rescuing students from the slow learner trap. Principal
Leadership, 10(6), 12-16.
Simpson, M.K. (2012). Othering intellectual disability: Two models of classification from the 19th Century. Theory Psychology, 22(5), 541-555.
doi: 10.1177/0959354310378375.
Spaulding, L.S., & Keith, D.L. (2010). The history of special education: Lessons from the past, implications for the future. Paper presented at the Annual National Conference of the Teacher Education Division (TED) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) in St. Louis, MO. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/educ_fac_pubs/158
Sleeter, C.E. (1987). Why is there learning disabilities? A critical analysis of the birth of the field in its social context. In T.S. Popkewitz (Ed.), The formation of school subjects: The struggle for creating an American institution (pp. 210-237). Philadelphia, PA: Falmer Press.
Stewart, M. (2004). The perils of testing. In M. Moll (Ed.), Passing the test: The false promises of standardized testing (pp. 177-181). Ottawa, ON, Canada: The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Stiker, H-J. (2002). A history of disability (W. Sayer, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Thompson, H.S. (1998). Fear and loathing in Las Vegas: A savage journey to the heart of the American dream. New York, NY: Second Vintage Books.
Tremain, S. (2008). Foucault, governmentality, and critical disability theory: An introduction. In S. Tremain (Ed.), Foucault and the government of disability (pp. 1–26). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Wahlsten, D. (1997). Leilani Muir versus the philosopher king: Eugenics on trial in Alberta. Genetica, 99, 185-198.
Williamson, W. J., & Paul, W.J. (2012). The level playing field: Unconcealing
diploma exam accommodation policy. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, Article 13. http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5f766p2
Winzer, M.A. (1986). Early developments in special education: Some aspects of enlightenment thought. Remedial and Special Education, 7(42),433-366. doi:10.1177/074193258600700509.
Winzer, M.A. (1993). The history of special education: From isolation to integration. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Wright, D. (2011). Downs: The history of a disability. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Alberta Education. (2013). General information bulletin diploma examination program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Author.
Alberta Education. (2010). Pathways to possibilities: The revised career and technology studies program. Edmonton, AB, Canada: Author.
Alberta Teacher's Association. (2009). McQueen wonders why Hancock would “dumb down” diploma examinations. Retrieved from Alberta Teacher's Association:
http://www.teachers.ab.ca/News%20Room/EyeOnTheLegislature/Highlights%20from%20the%20Assembly/2009/Fall2009/Pages/29-Oct-2009.aspx
Allan, J. (2008). Rethinking of inclusive education: The philosophers of difference in practice. Dorecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
American Philosophical Society. (n.d). Eugenics tree logo in Cold Spring Harbor laboratory. http://www.dnalc.org/view/10229-Eugenics-tree-logo.html.
American Psychological Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV-TR). Washington, DC: Author.
Armstrong, F. (2002). The historical development of special education: Humanitarian rationality or “wild profusion of entangled events.” History of Education, 31(5), 437-456. doi:10.1080/004676002101533627
Boyne, R. (1990). Foucault and Derrida: The other side of reason. London, UK: Routledge.
Buck 65. (2003). 50 gallon drum. [MP4] On Talking Honky Blues. Warner Brothers. Retrieved from iTunes.
Binet, A., & Simon, T.H. (1916). The intelligence of the feebleminded (E. S. Kite, Trans.). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.
Blatt, B., & Kaplan, F. (1974). Christmas in purgatory: A photographic essay on mental retardation. New York, NY: Human Policy Press.
Burgess, M. (1999). Identifying reading disabilities: Why discrepancy-based definitions don’t work (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto. Retrieved from University of Toronto T-Space https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/16362/1/NQ41060.pdf.
Brignell, V. (Dec. 9, 2010a). The eugenics movement Britain wants to forget. The New Statesman. Retrieved from http://www.newstatesman.com/ society/2010/12/british-eugenics-disabled.
Brignell, V. (Dec. 10, 2010b). When America believed in eugenics. The New Statesman. Retrieved from http://www.newstatesman.com/society/ 2010/12/disabled-america-immigration.
Chandler, R. (1940). Farewell my lovely. New York, NY: Ballantine.
Davis, L.J. (2013). Constructing normalcy: The bell curve, the novel and the invention of the disabled body in the nineteenth century. In L.J. Davis (Ed.), The disability studies reader (pp. 3-16). New York, NY: Routledge.
Derrida, J. (1974). Of grammatology (G.C. Spivak, Trans.), Baltimore, MD: John’s Hopkins University Press.
Derrida, J. (1996). The Villanova roundtable: A conversation with Jacques Derrida. In J. D. Caputo (Ed.), Deconstruction in a nutshell (pp.1-27). New York, NY: Fordham University Press.
Doyle, W. (2002). The Oxford history of the French revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Dudley-Marling, C., & Gurn, A. (2010). The myth of the normal curve. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Erevelles, N. (2005). Rewriting critical pedagogy from the periphery: Materiality, disability and the politics of schooling. In S. Gabel (Ed.), Disability studies in education: Readings in theory and method, (pp. 65-84.) New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Foucault, M. (1974). Prisons et asiles dans le mécanisme du pouvoir. In C. O’Farrell (Trans.), Dits et EcritsVolume II. Foucault. Paris, France: Gallimard. Retrieved from http://www.michel-foucault.com/quote/2004q.html.
Foucault, M. (1988). Madness and civilization A history of insanity in the age of reason (R. Howard, Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage.
Foucault, M. (1997a). On the genealogy of ethics: An overview of work in progress. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (R. Hurley, Trans; pp. 253-280). New York, NY: The New Press.
Foucault, M. (1997b). Psychiatric power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.), Ethics subjectivity and truth: The essential works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, Volume One (R. Hurley, Trans; pp. 39-50). New York, NY: The New Press.
Galton, F. (1892). Hereditary genius. New York, NY: D. Appleton. Retrieved from http://www.mugu.com/galton/books/hereditary-genius/text/pdf/galton-1869-genius-v3.pdf.
Gavin Loss, C., & Loss, C. (n.d). Progressive education – Philosophical foundations, pedagogical progressivism, administrative progressivism, life-adjustment progressivism. Education Encyclopedia State University.com. Retrieved from
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2336/Progressive-Education. html#ixzz3AOYWZc1T.
Gega, S. (2000). Sir Francis Galton. History of Psychology Archives. Retrieved from http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/galton.htm.
Goddard, H.H. (1912). The Kallikak family: A study of the heredity of feeble-
mindedness. New York, NY: MacMillan. Retrieved from http://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=buckvbell
Goddard, H.H. (1919/2013). Psychology of the normal and subnormal. London, UK: Forgotten Books.
Goodrich, P. (2005). J.D. Cordozo Law Review, 27(2), 801-814.
Gould, S.J. (1996). The mismeasure of man, revised and expanded edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
Hall, J.T. (1997). Social devaluation and special education: The right to full inclusion and an honest statement. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley.
Heidegger, M. (1927/1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Jardine, D.W. (2012). The Descartes lecture. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, June 16, 2012, Article 8. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5pr7n88.
Johnson, G.O. (1963). Education for the slow learners. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Keillor, G. (2013). The Lake Wobegon effect. A prairie home companion with Garrison Keillor. Retrieved from http://www.publicradio.org/columns/prairiehome/posthost/2013/04/01/the_lake_wobegon_effect.php
King, E. (2014). FAQ: Parents ask about struggling (slow) learners. School Psychologist Files. Retrieved from http://schoolpsychologistfiles.com/slowlearnerfaq/
Knobbe, J. (1978). The inception of the junior vocational program in Calgary public schools. (Unpublished master’s thesis) University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Noll, S. (1995). Feeble minded in our midst: Institutions for the mentally retarded in the south 1900-1940. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Scull, A. (1993). The most solitary of afflictions: Madness and society in Britain 1700–1900. New Haven, CT & London, UK: Yale University Press.
Shaw, R.R. (2010). Rescuing students from the slow learner trap. Principal
Leadership, 10(6), 12-16.
Simpson, M.K. (2012). Othering intellectual disability: Two models of classification from the 19th Century. Theory Psychology, 22(5), 541-555.
doi: 10.1177/0959354310378375.
Spaulding, L.S., & Keith, D.L. (2010). The history of special education: Lessons from the past, implications for the future. Paper presented at the Annual National Conference of the Teacher Education Division (TED) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) in St. Louis, MO. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/educ_fac_pubs/158
Sleeter, C.E. (1987). Why is there learning disabilities? A critical analysis of the birth of the field in its social context. In T.S. Popkewitz (Ed.), The formation of school subjects: The struggle for creating an American institution (pp. 210-237). Philadelphia, PA: Falmer Press.
Stewart, M. (2004). The perils of testing. In M. Moll (Ed.), Passing the test: The false promises of standardized testing (pp. 177-181). Ottawa, ON, Canada: The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Stiker, H-J. (2002). A history of disability (W. Sayer, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
Thompson, H.S. (1998). Fear and loathing in Las Vegas: A savage journey to the heart of the American dream. New York, NY: Second Vintage Books.
Tremain, S. (2008). Foucault, governmentality, and critical disability theory: An introduction. In S. Tremain (Ed.), Foucault and the government of disability (pp. 1–26). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Wahlsten, D. (1997). Leilani Muir versus the philosopher king: Eugenics on trial in Alberta. Genetica, 99, 185-198.
Williamson, W. J., & Paul, W.J. (2012). The level playing field: Unconcealing
diploma exam accommodation policy. Journal of Applied Hermeneutics, Article 13. http://hdl.handle.net/10515/sy5f766p2
Winzer, M.A. (1986). Early developments in special education: Some aspects of enlightenment thought. Remedial and Special Education, 7(42),433-366. doi:10.1177/074193258600700509.
Winzer, M.A. (1993). The history of special education: From isolation to integration. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Wright, D. (2011). Downs: The history of a disability. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Downloads
Published
2016-02-22
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).