Dementia Discourse: From Imposed Suffering to Knowing Other-Wise
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11575/jah.v0i2.53220Keywords:
Dementia Discourse, Suffering, Embodied Selfhood, Knowing Other-Wise, Hermeneutics,Abstract
The authors revisit the troubling discourse surrounding the diagnosis of dementia. A critique of the predominant words and images in health care literature, public discourse, and policy is considered from multiple angles. The authors link the dominant words and images with a form of inter-relational violence. Contrary images grounded in research and experience offer a different view of what it is like to live with a diagnosis of dementia—a view that is life-affirming and based in relationality and possibility. Concepts of embodied selfhood and knowing other-wise are portrayed as doorways to transforming a discourse of violence toward a discourse of compassion and ethical relating.
References
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Behuniak, S. M. (2011). The living dead? The construction of people with Alzheimer’s Disease as zombies. Aging & Society, 31, 70-92.
Black, S. (2013). Your head and heart - more connected than you think. Alzheimer’s SocietyCanada. http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/We-can-help/Stories-of-hope/Sandra-Black
Borrie, C. (2010a). The long hello—the other side of Alzheimer’s. Vancouver, BC: Nightwing.
Borrie, C. (2010b). Looking into your voice – The poetic and eccentric realities of Alzheimer’s. Vancouver, BC: Nightwing.
Brock, D.W. (1988). Justice and the severely demented elderly. The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 13(1), 73-99. doi: 10.1093/jmp/13.1.73
Cooney, E. (2004). Death in slow motion. A memoir of a daughter, her mother, and the beast called Alzheimer’s. New York: NY: Perenial, an imprint of HarperCollins.
Davis, B., & Sumara, D. (2012). Fitting teacher education in/to/for an increasingly complex world. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(1), 30-40.
Davis, B., Sumara, D., & Luce-Kapler, R. (2008). Engaging minds: Changing teaching in complex times. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Routledge.
DeForge, R., van Wyk, P. Hall, J., & Salmoni, A. (2011). Afraid to care; unable to care: A critical ethnography within a long term care home. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 415-426.
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Pierre, G., & Hilliard, T.S. (2012). Social justice, health disparities, and culture in the care of the elderly. The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 40(1), 26-32, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00642.x
Doll, W. (2012). Complexity and the culture of curriculum. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(1), 10-29.
Doll, W., Fleener, M. J., Trueit, D., & St. Julien, J. (Eds.) (2005). Chaos, complexity, curriculum and culture. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Dunkle, R.M. (1995). Byond appearances: Caring in the land of the living dead. Journal of Christian Nursing, 12(3), 4-6.
Dupuis, S., Gillies, J., Mitchell, G. J., Jonas-Simpson, C., Whyte, C., & Carson, J. (2011). Catapulting shifts in images, understandings and actions for family members through research-based drama. Family Relations, 60, 104-120.
Dupuis, S.L., Gillies, J., Carson, J., Whyte, C., Genoe, R., Loiselle, L., & Sadler, L. (2012a). Moving beyond patient and client approaches: Mobilizing authentic partnerships in dementia care. Dementia, 11, 427-452. doi: 10.1177/1471301211421063
Dupuis, S.L., Wiersma, E., & Loiselle, L. (2012b). Pathologizing behavior: Meanings of behaviors in dementia care. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(2), 162–173.
Dupuis, S.L., Whyte, C., Carson, J., Genoe, R., Meschino, L., & Sadler, L. (2012c). Just dance with me: An authentic partnership ap-proach in understanding leisure in the de-mentia context. Submitted to a special issue on Leisure, Health and Disability of World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 240-254.
Estes C.L., & Binney E.A. (1989). The bio-medicalization of aging: Dangers and dilemmas. The Gerontologist, 29, 587–597.
Fazio, S., Seman, D., & Stansell, D. (1999). Rethinking Alzheimer’s care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline & punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Random House.
Fujita, A. (Oct 5, 2012). That cranky old cat may have Alzheimer’s. ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/10/that-cranky-old-cat-may-have-alzheimers/
Gough, N. (2012). Complexity, complexity reduction and ‘methodological borrowing’ in educational inquiry. Complexity: An International Journal of Complexity & Education, 9(1), 41-56.
Greenwood, D., Loewenthal, D., & Rose, T. (2002) A relational approach to providing care for a person suffering from dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 36(4), 583-590.
Gubrium, J.F. (1975). Living and dying at Murray Manor. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Hart, H. (1997). Conceptual understanding and knowing other-wise: Reflections on rationality and spirituality in philosophy. In J. H. Olthuis, (Ed.). Knowing other-wise. Philosophy at the threshold of spirituality (pp. 19-53). New York, NY: Fordham University.
Herskovits, E. (1995). Struggling over subjectivity: Debates about the “Self†and Alzheimer’s disease. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9(2), 146-164.
Ikels, C. (1998). The experience of dementia in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 22, 257-283.
Jonas-Simpson, C.J., & Mitchell, G. J. (2005). Giving voice to expressions of quality of life for persons with dementia through story, music, and art. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 6(1), 52-59.
Jonas-Simpson, Mitchell, G.J., Carson, J., Whyte, C., Dupuis, S., & Gillies, J. (2012). Phenomenological shifts for healthcare pro-fessionals after experiencing a research-based drama on living with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1944-1955.
Kaufman, S., Shim, J., & Russ, A. (2004). Revisiting the biomedicalization of aging: Clinical trends and ethical challenges. The Gerontologist, 44(6), 731-738.
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.). Geelong: Deakin University.
Kitwood, T. (1995). The new culture of dementia care. London, UK: Hawker.
Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Kontos, P. (2004) Ethnographic reflections on selfhood, embodiment and alzheimer's disease. Ageing & Society, 24, 829-849.
Kontos, P. (2005) Embodied selfhood in Alzheimer's disease: Rethinking person-centred care. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 4(4), 553-570.
Kontos, P. (2006) Embodied selfhood: An ethnographic exploration of Alzheimer's disease. In L. Cohen & A. Leibing (Eds.) Thinking about dementia: Culture, loss, and the anthropology of senility. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University.
Kontos, P.C. (2012) Rethinking sociability in long-term care: An embodied dimension of selfhood. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 11(3), 329-346.
Kontos, P. Miller, K-L., & Mitchell, G. (2010). Neglecting the importance of the decision making and care regimes of per-sonal support workers: A critique of standardization of care planning through the RAI/MDS. The Gerontologist, 50(3), 352-362. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp165
Kontos, P.C., Miller, K-L., Mitchell, G.J., & Cott, C.A. (2011). Dementia care at the intersection of regulation and reflexivity: A critical realist perspective. Journals of Gerontology, 66B, 119-128.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2007a) Bridging theory and practice: Imagination, the body, and person-centred dementia care. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 6(4), 549-569.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2007b) Expressions of personhood in Alzheimer's disease: An evaluation of research-based theatre as a pedagogical tool. Qualitative Health Research, 17(6), 799-811.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2009) Tacit knowledge of caring and embodied selfhood. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(5), 688-704.
Leuzy, A., & Gauthier, S. (2012). Ethical issues in Alzheimer’s disease: An overview. Expert Review on Neurotherapeutics, 12(5), 557-567.
Lushin, G. (1990). The living dead: Alzheimer’s in America. Potomac, MD: National Foundation for Medical Research.
Malpas, P. (2009). Do those afflicted with dementia have a moral duty to die? A response to Baroness Warnock. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 122, 1296. http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1296/3635/
Malpas, J. (2012). Suffering, compassion, and the possibility of a humane politics. In J. Malpas & N. Lickiss (Eds.), Perspectives on human suffering (pp. 9-21). London, UK: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2795-3_2
Mason, M. (2008). Complexity theory and the philosophy of education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40(1), 4–18.
McGilton, K.S., Sidani, S., Boscart, V.M., Guruge, S., & Brown, M. (2012). The relationship between care providers relational behaviours and residents mood and behavior in long term care. Aging & Mental Health, 16(4), 507-515.
Mcilroy, A. (May 7, 2007). Doomed from birth to death. Globe and Mail.
McKnight, J. (2005). Community and its counterfeits. In B. Lucht (Ed.), Ideas: Brilliant thinkers speak their minds (pp. 112-128). Fredericton, NB, Canada: Goose Lane Editions.
Mintz, D. (1992). What’s in a word: The distancing function of language in medicine. The Journal of Medical Humanities, 13(4), 223–233.
Mitchell, G.J. (2013). Implications of holding ideas of evidence-based practice in nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 26(4), 143-151.
Mitchell, G.J., Dupuis, S., Jonas-Simpson, C., Whyte, C., Carson, J., & Gillies, J. (2011). The experience of engaging with research-based drama: Evaluation and explication of synergy and transformation. Qualitative Inquiry, 17, 379-392.
Mitchell, G. J., Dupuis, S., & Jonas-Simpson, C. (2011). Countering stigma with understanding: The role of theatre in social change and transformation. Canadian Theatre Review, 146, 22-27.
Mitchell, G. Jonas-Simpson, C., & Cross, N. (2012). Innovating nursing education: Interrelating narrative, conceptual learning, reflection, and complexity science. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(4), 30-39.
Moynihan, R, & Cassels, A. (2008). Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Grey-stone.
Naue, U. (2008) ‘Self-care without a self’: Alzheimer’s disease and the concept of personal responsibility for health. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 11, 315–324.
Naue, U., & Kroll, T. (2008). ‘The dement-ed other’: Identity and difference in dementia. Nursing Philosophy, 10, 26–33.
Olthuis, J. H. (Ed.). (1997). Knowing other-wise. Philosophy at the threshold of spirituality. New York, NY: Fordham University.
Olthuis, J.H. (Ed.). (2000a). Towards an ethics of community. Negotiations of difference in a pluralistic society. Waterloo, ON, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University.
Olthuis, J.H. (Ed.). (2000b). Exclusions and inclusions: Dilemmas of difference. In J. H. Olthuis (Ed.), Towards an ethics of com-munity. Negotiations of difference in a pluralistic society (pp. 1-10). Waterloo, ON, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University.
Post, S.G. (2000). The moral challenge of Alzheimer disease (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ricca, B. (2012). Beyond teaching methods: A complexity approach. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(2), 31-51.
Sabat, S.R., & Harré, R. (1994). The Alzheimer's disease sufferer as a semiotic subject. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 1(3), 145-160.
Sabat, S.R., Johnson, A., Swarbrick, C., & Keady, J. (2011). The ‘demented other’ or simply ‘a person’? Extending the philosoph-ical discourse of Naue and Kroll through the situated self. Nursing Philosophy, 12(4), 282-292.
Slife, B.D., & Wiggins, B.J. (2009). Taking relationships seriously in psychotherapy: Radical relationality. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 17-24. doi: 10.1007/s10879-008-9100-6
Sweeting, H., & Gilhooly, M. (1997). Dementia and the phenomenon of social death. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(1), 93-117.
Taylor, R. (2009, July/August). Crossing bridges when you come to them: The big-gest mistake? Assisted Living Consult, 5(4), 46-47.
Tornstam, L. (1996). Gerotranscendence - a theory about maturing into old age, Journal of Aging and Identity, 1, 37-50.
Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A developmental theory of positive aging. New York, NY: Springer.
Tornstam, L., & Tornqvist, M. (2000). Nursing staff's interpretations of "Gerotranscendental Behavior" in the elderly, Journal of Aging and Identity, 5(1),15-29.
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298-318. doi 10.1016/j.leaqua. 2007.04.002.
Webster, G.C., & Baylis, F. (2000). Moral residue. In S. Rubin & L. Zoloth (Eds.). Margin of error: The ethics of mistakes in the practice of medicine (pp. 217-232). Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing.
Wells, K. (Sunday, November 18, 2012). Dementia Care in Denmark. CBC Radio. http://www.cbc.ca/player/Radio/The+Sunday+Edition/ID/2304600853/.
Westley, F., Zimmerman, B., & Patton, M.Q. (2006). Getting to maybe. Toronto, ON, Canada: Vintage Canada.
Whitehouse, P. (2008). The myth of Alzheimer’s: What you aren’t being told about today’s most dreaded diagnosis. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Whitehouse, P. (December 10, 2012). War, water, mountains: Myths and metaphors of Alzheimer’s Disease. Jackman Humanities Institute Working Group on Aging, memory, & Aesthetics. University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
Wiersma, E., & Dupuis, S. (2010). Becoming institutional bodies: Socialisation into a long-term care home. Journal of Aging Stud-ies, 25(1), 278-291.
Behuniak, S. M. (2011). The living dead? The construction of people with Alzheimer’s Disease as zombies. Aging & Society, 31, 70-92.
Black, S. (2013). Your head and heart - more connected than you think. Alzheimer’s SocietyCanada. http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/We-can-help/Stories-of-hope/Sandra-Black
Borrie, C. (2010a). The long hello—the other side of Alzheimer’s. Vancouver, BC: Nightwing.
Borrie, C. (2010b). Looking into your voice – The poetic and eccentric realities of Alzheimer’s. Vancouver, BC: Nightwing.
Brock, D.W. (1988). Justice and the severely demented elderly. The Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 13(1), 73-99. doi: 10.1093/jmp/13.1.73
Cooney, E. (2004). Death in slow motion. A memoir of a daughter, her mother, and the beast called Alzheimer’s. New York: NY: Perenial, an imprint of HarperCollins.
Davis, B., & Sumara, D. (2012). Fitting teacher education in/to/for an increasingly complex world. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(1), 30-40.
Davis, B., Sumara, D., & Luce-Kapler, R. (2008). Engaging minds: Changing teaching in complex times. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Routledge.
DeForge, R., van Wyk, P. Hall, J., & Salmoni, A. (2011). Afraid to care; unable to care: A critical ethnography within a long term care home. Journal of Aging Studies, 25, 415-426.
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Pierre, G., & Hilliard, T.S. (2012). Social justice, health disparities, and culture in the care of the elderly. The Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics, 40(1), 26-32, doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00642.x
Doll, W. (2012). Complexity and the culture of curriculum. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(1), 10-29.
Doll, W., Fleener, M. J., Trueit, D., & St. Julien, J. (Eds.) (2005). Chaos, complexity, curriculum and culture. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Dunkle, R.M. (1995). Byond appearances: Caring in the land of the living dead. Journal of Christian Nursing, 12(3), 4-6.
Dupuis, S., Gillies, J., Mitchell, G. J., Jonas-Simpson, C., Whyte, C., & Carson, J. (2011). Catapulting shifts in images, understandings and actions for family members through research-based drama. Family Relations, 60, 104-120.
Dupuis, S.L., Gillies, J., Carson, J., Whyte, C., Genoe, R., Loiselle, L., & Sadler, L. (2012a). Moving beyond patient and client approaches: Mobilizing authentic partnerships in dementia care. Dementia, 11, 427-452. doi: 10.1177/1471301211421063
Dupuis, S.L., Wiersma, E., & Loiselle, L. (2012b). Pathologizing behavior: Meanings of behaviors in dementia care. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(2), 162–173.
Dupuis, S.L., Whyte, C., Carson, J., Genoe, R., Meschino, L., & Sadler, L. (2012c). Just dance with me: An authentic partnership ap-proach in understanding leisure in the de-mentia context. Submitted to a special issue on Leisure, Health and Disability of World Leisure Journal, 54(3), 240-254.
Estes C.L., & Binney E.A. (1989). The bio-medicalization of aging: Dangers and dilemmas. The Gerontologist, 29, 587–597.
Fazio, S., Seman, D., & Stansell, D. (1999). Rethinking Alzheimer’s care. Baltimore, MD: Health Professions Press.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline & punish: The birth of the prison. New York, NY: Random House.
Fujita, A. (Oct 5, 2012). That cranky old cat may have Alzheimer’s. ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/10/that-cranky-old-cat-may-have-alzheimers/
Gough, N. (2012). Complexity, complexity reduction and ‘methodological borrowing’ in educational inquiry. Complexity: An International Journal of Complexity & Education, 9(1), 41-56.
Greenwood, D., Loewenthal, D., & Rose, T. (2002) A relational approach to providing care for a person suffering from dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 36(4), 583-590.
Gubrium, J.F. (1975). Living and dying at Murray Manor. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Hart, H. (1997). Conceptual understanding and knowing other-wise: Reflections on rationality and spirituality in philosophy. In J. H. Olthuis, (Ed.). Knowing other-wise. Philosophy at the threshold of spirituality (pp. 19-53). New York, NY: Fordham University.
Herskovits, E. (1995). Struggling over subjectivity: Debates about the “Self†and Alzheimer’s disease. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9(2), 146-164.
Ikels, C. (1998). The experience of dementia in China. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 22, 257-283.
Jonas-Simpson, C.J., & Mitchell, G. J. (2005). Giving voice to expressions of quality of life for persons with dementia through story, music, and art. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 6(1), 52-59.
Jonas-Simpson, Mitchell, G.J., Carson, J., Whyte, C., Dupuis, S., & Gillies, J. (2012). Phenomenological shifts for healthcare pro-fessionals after experiencing a research-based drama on living with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68, 1944-1955.
Kaufman, S., Shim, J., & Russ, A. (2004). Revisiting the biomedicalization of aging: Clinical trends and ethical challenges. The Gerontologist, 44(6), 731-738.
Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.). Geelong: Deakin University.
Kitwood, T. (1995). The new culture of dementia care. London, UK: Hawker.
Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
Kontos, P. (2004) Ethnographic reflections on selfhood, embodiment and alzheimer's disease. Ageing & Society, 24, 829-849.
Kontos, P. (2005) Embodied selfhood in Alzheimer's disease: Rethinking person-centred care. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 4(4), 553-570.
Kontos, P. (2006) Embodied selfhood: An ethnographic exploration of Alzheimer's disease. In L. Cohen & A. Leibing (Eds.) Thinking about dementia: Culture, loss, and the anthropology of senility. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University.
Kontos, P.C. (2012) Rethinking sociability in long-term care: An embodied dimension of selfhood. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 11(3), 329-346.
Kontos, P. Miller, K-L., & Mitchell, G. (2010). Neglecting the importance of the decision making and care regimes of per-sonal support workers: A critique of standardization of care planning through the RAI/MDS. The Gerontologist, 50(3), 352-362. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnp165
Kontos, P.C., Miller, K-L., Mitchell, G.J., & Cott, C.A. (2011). Dementia care at the intersection of regulation and reflexivity: A critical realist perspective. Journals of Gerontology, 66B, 119-128.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2007a) Bridging theory and practice: Imagination, the body, and person-centred dementia care. Dementia: The International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 6(4), 549-569.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2007b) Expressions of personhood in Alzheimer's disease: An evaluation of research-based theatre as a pedagogical tool. Qualitative Health Research, 17(6), 799-811.
Kontos, P., & Naglie, G. (2009) Tacit knowledge of caring and embodied selfhood. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(5), 688-704.
Leuzy, A., & Gauthier, S. (2012). Ethical issues in Alzheimer’s disease: An overview. Expert Review on Neurotherapeutics, 12(5), 557-567.
Lushin, G. (1990). The living dead: Alzheimer’s in America. Potomac, MD: National Foundation for Medical Research.
Malpas, P. (2009). Do those afflicted with dementia have a moral duty to die? A response to Baroness Warnock. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 122, 1296. http://journal.nzma.org.nz/journal/122-1296/3635/
Malpas, J. (2012). Suffering, compassion, and the possibility of a humane politics. In J. Malpas & N. Lickiss (Eds.), Perspectives on human suffering (pp. 9-21). London, UK: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2795-3_2
Mason, M. (2008). Complexity theory and the philosophy of education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40(1), 4–18.
McGilton, K.S., Sidani, S., Boscart, V.M., Guruge, S., & Brown, M. (2012). The relationship between care providers relational behaviours and residents mood and behavior in long term care. Aging & Mental Health, 16(4), 507-515.
Mcilroy, A. (May 7, 2007). Doomed from birth to death. Globe and Mail.
McKnight, J. (2005). Community and its counterfeits. In B. Lucht (Ed.), Ideas: Brilliant thinkers speak their minds (pp. 112-128). Fredericton, NB, Canada: Goose Lane Editions.
Mintz, D. (1992). What’s in a word: The distancing function of language in medicine. The Journal of Medical Humanities, 13(4), 223–233.
Mitchell, G.J. (2013). Implications of holding ideas of evidence-based practice in nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 26(4), 143-151.
Mitchell, G.J., Dupuis, S., Jonas-Simpson, C., Whyte, C., Carson, J., & Gillies, J. (2011). The experience of engaging with research-based drama: Evaluation and explication of synergy and transformation. Qualitative Inquiry, 17, 379-392.
Mitchell, G. J., Dupuis, S., & Jonas-Simpson, C. (2011). Countering stigma with understanding: The role of theatre in social change and transformation. Canadian Theatre Review, 146, 22-27.
Mitchell, G. Jonas-Simpson, C., & Cross, N. (2012). Innovating nursing education: Interrelating narrative, conceptual learning, reflection, and complexity science. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(4), 30-39.
Moynihan, R, & Cassels, A. (2008). Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Grey-stone.
Naue, U. (2008) ‘Self-care without a self’: Alzheimer’s disease and the concept of personal responsibility for health. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 11, 315–324.
Naue, U., & Kroll, T. (2008). ‘The dement-ed other’: Identity and difference in dementia. Nursing Philosophy, 10, 26–33.
Olthuis, J. H. (Ed.). (1997). Knowing other-wise. Philosophy at the threshold of spirituality. New York, NY: Fordham University.
Olthuis, J.H. (Ed.). (2000a). Towards an ethics of community. Negotiations of difference in a pluralistic society. Waterloo, ON, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University.
Olthuis, J.H. (Ed.). (2000b). Exclusions and inclusions: Dilemmas of difference. In J. H. Olthuis (Ed.), Towards an ethics of com-munity. Negotiations of difference in a pluralistic society (pp. 1-10). Waterloo, ON, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University.
Post, S.G. (2000). The moral challenge of Alzheimer disease (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Ricca, B. (2012). Beyond teaching methods: A complexity approach. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 9(2), 31-51.
Sabat, S.R., & Harré, R. (1994). The Alzheimer's disease sufferer as a semiotic subject. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 1(3), 145-160.
Sabat, S.R., Johnson, A., Swarbrick, C., & Keady, J. (2011). The ‘demented other’ or simply ‘a person’? Extending the philosoph-ical discourse of Naue and Kroll through the situated self. Nursing Philosophy, 12(4), 282-292.
Slife, B.D., & Wiggins, B.J. (2009). Taking relationships seriously in psychotherapy: Radical relationality. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39, 17-24. doi: 10.1007/s10879-008-9100-6
Sweeting, H., & Gilhooly, M. (1997). Dementia and the phenomenon of social death. Sociology of Health & Illness, 19(1), 93-117.
Taylor, R. (2009, July/August). Crossing bridges when you come to them: The big-gest mistake? Assisted Living Consult, 5(4), 46-47.
Tornstam, L. (1996). Gerotranscendence - a theory about maturing into old age, Journal of Aging and Identity, 1, 37-50.
Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A developmental theory of positive aging. New York, NY: Springer.
Tornstam, L., & Tornqvist, M. (2000). Nursing staff's interpretations of "Gerotranscendental Behavior" in the elderly, Journal of Aging and Identity, 5(1),15-29.
Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(4), 298-318. doi 10.1016/j.leaqua. 2007.04.002.
Webster, G.C., & Baylis, F. (2000). Moral residue. In S. Rubin & L. Zoloth (Eds.). Margin of error: The ethics of mistakes in the practice of medicine (pp. 217-232). Hagerstown, MD: University Publishing.
Wells, K. (Sunday, November 18, 2012). Dementia Care in Denmark. CBC Radio. http://www.cbc.ca/player/Radio/The+Sunday+Edition/ID/2304600853/.
Westley, F., Zimmerman, B., & Patton, M.Q. (2006). Getting to maybe. Toronto, ON, Canada: Vintage Canada.
Whitehouse, P. (2008). The myth of Alzheimer’s: What you aren’t being told about today’s most dreaded diagnosis. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Whitehouse, P. (December 10, 2012). War, water, mountains: Myths and metaphors of Alzheimer’s Disease. Jackman Humanities Institute Working Group on Aging, memory, & Aesthetics. University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
Wiersma, E., & Dupuis, S. (2010). Becoming institutional bodies: Socialisation into a long-term care home. Journal of Aging Stud-ies, 25(1), 278-291.
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