Examining the Virtual Leadership of Leaders in Higher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study

Authors

  • Katlyn Guzar Wilfrid Laurier University
  • Daniella Bianchi-Laubsch William Howard Taft University

Keywords:

virtual leadership, COVID-19, higher education, virtual work, communication, hybrid work

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, student services leaders needed to adapt to working entirely virtually, find creative solutions to adjust their service delivery, and change how they engaged with their teams. Before COVID-19, studies of virtual leadership focused on virtual teams developed because of the geographical distance between team members. This qualitative study investigated virtual leadership and virtual teams developed because of the move to virtual work during the COVID-19 pandemic. It examined how student services leaders changed their leadership behaviours in response to moving to the virtual work environment. Using data gathered through a questionnaire, interviews, and documentation, four themes reflecting how leaders changed their behaviours and practices were identified: reimagining communication, reconstructing work using technology, reframing team support, and reorienting toward hybrid work. Understanding how these leaders managed their virtual teams at a midsized university in southern Ontario provides insight into what practices might be helpful for teams that continue exclusively virtual work and those that transition to a hybrid work approach.

References

Alsharo, M., Gregg, D., & Ramirez, R. (2017). Virtual team effectiveness: The role of knowledge sharing and trust. Information and Management, 54(4), 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.10.005

Alward, E., & Phelps, Y. (2019). Impactful leadership traits of virtual leaders in higher education. Online Learning, 23(3), 72–93. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v23i3.2113

Azorín, C. (2020). Beyond COVID-19 supernova. Is another education coming? Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3–4), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpcc-05-2020-0019

Bao, W. (2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(2), 113–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.191

Ben Sedrine, S., Bouderbala, A., & Nasraoui, H. (2021). Leadership style effect on virtual team efficiency: Trust, operational cohesion and media richness roles. Journal of Management Development, 40(5), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmd-10-2018-0289

Blankenberger, B., & Williams, A. M. (2020). COVID and the impact on higher education: The essential role of integrity and accountability. Administrative Theory and Praxis, 42(3), 404–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2020.1771907

Campion, L. L., & Campion, E. D. (2020). Leading matters: Take it from the professionals—A high-level overview of virtual leadership according to educational technology scholars (and a few others). TechTrends, 64(1), 182–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00470-7

Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). A template approach to text analysis: Developing and using codebooks. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research (pp. 163–177). SAGE Publications.

Darics, E. (2020). E-leadership or “how to be boss in instant messaging?” The role of nonverbal communication. International Journal of Business Communication, 57(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488416685068

DuFrene, D. D., & Lehman, C. M. (2016). Managing virtual teams (2nd ed.). Business Expert Press.

Eisenberg, J., Gibbs, J. L., & Erhardt, N. (2016). The role of vertical and shared leadership in virtual team collaboration. In C. Graham (Ed.), Strategic management and leadership for systems development in virtual spaces (pp. 22–42). Business Science Reference. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9688-4.ch002

Flammia, C., Cleary, Y., & Slattery, D. M. (2016). Virtual teams in higher education: A handbook for students and teachers. Information Age Publishing.

Ford, R. C., Piccolo, R. F., & Ford, L. R. (2017). Strategies for building effective virtual teams: Trust is key. Business Horizons, 60(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.009

Friedrich, R. (2017). The virtual team maturity model: Performance improvement of virtual teams. Springer.

Gamero, N., González-Anta, B., Orengo, V., Zornoza, A., & Peñarroja, V. (2021). Is team emotional composition essential for virtual team members’ well-being? The role of a team emotional management intervention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094544

Grzeskowiak, R. (2020, September). 4 vital virtual leadership skills. Leadership Excellence, 30–32.

Gurukkal, R. (2020). Will COVID 19 turn higher education into another mode? Higher Education for the Future, 7(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347631120931606

Han, S. J., Chae, C., Macko, P., Park, W., & Beyerlein, M. (2017). How virtual team leaders cope with creativity challenges. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(3), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-10-2016-0073

Hoyt, C. L., & Blascovich, J. (2003). Transformational and transactional leadership in virtual and physical environments. Small Group Research, 34(6), 678–715. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496403257527

Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., … Vugt, M. van. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716

Laitinen, K., & Valo, M. (2018). Meanings of communication technology in virtual team meetings: Framing technology-related interaction. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 111, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.10.012

Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010

Maduka, N. S., Edwards, H., Greenwood, D., Osborne, A., & Babatunde, S. O. (2018). Analysis of competencies for effective virtual team leadership in building successful organisations. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(2), 696–712. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-08-2016-0124

Marlow, S. L., Lacerenza, C. N., & Salas, E. (2017). Communication in virtual teams: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.005

McMurtrie, J. C., & Ostrikov, K. (2021). Hybrid participation options to mitigate discrimination and maximise productivity in post-COVID higher education and research workplaces. Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine, 44(2), 339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13246-021-01017-y

Newman, S. A., Ford, R. C., & Marshall, G. W. (2020). Virtual team leader communication: Employee perception and organizational reality. International Journal of Business Communication, 57(4), 452–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488419829895

Owl Labs. (2020). State of remote work. https://resources.owllabs.com/state-of-remote-work/2020

Parnia, A. (2020, May 4). As COVID-19 batters higher education, a proposal to move online fast. New England Board of Higher Education. https://nebhe.org/journal/as-covid-19-batters-higher-education-a-way-to-move-online-fast

Pullan, P. (2016). Virtual leadership: Practical strategies for getting the best out of virtual work and virtual teams. Kogan Page.

Purvanova, R. K., Charlier, S. D., Reeves, C. J., & Greco, L. M. (2021). Who emerges into virtual team leadership roles? The role of achievement and ascription antecedents for leadership emergence across the virtuality spectrum. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(4), 713–733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09698-0

Rehm, M., Moukarzel, S., Daly, A. J., & del Fresno, M. (2021). Exploring online social networks of school leaders in times of COVID-19. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1414–1433. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13099

Robert, L. P., & You, S. (2017). Are you satisfied yet? Shared leadership, individual trust, autonomy, and satisfaction in virtual teams. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 69(4), 503–513. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23983

Schulze, J., & Krumm, S. (2017). The “virtual team player”: A review and initial model of knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics for virtual collaboration. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(1), 66–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616675522

Smith, J. (2021, March 16). Envoy survey finds employees want companies to embrace hybrid work and mandate COVID vaccines. Envoy. https://envoy.com/blog/envoy-survey-finds-employees-want-companies-to-embrace-hybrid-work-and-mandate-covid-vaccines

Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and opportunities for higher education amid the COVID-19 pandemic: The Philippine context. Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947

Uhl-Bien, M. (2021). Complexity and COVID-19: Leadership and followership in a complex world. Journal of Management Studies, 58(5), 1400–1404. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12696

Zeuge, A., Oschinsky, F., Weigel, A., Schlechtinger, M., & Niehaves, B. (2020, August 3–5). Leading virtual teams – A literature review [Paper presentation]. New Future of Work Symposium. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/uploads/prod/2020/07/NFW-Zeuge-et-al.pdf

Zouhairy, O., & Attieha, L. (2021). An evaluation of how educators in virtual teams perceive charismatic leadership during the COVID-19 crisis. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 10(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.33844/ijol.2021.60523

Downloads

Published

2024-05-06

Issue

Section

Articles