Ontario Teachers’ Policy Leadership During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Authors

  • Beyhan Farhadi York University
  • Sue Winton York University

Keywords:

policy leadership, teacher leadership, policy enactment

Abstract

In this article, we combine theories of teacher leadership, policy leadership, street-level leadership, and policy enactment to inform our novel conceptualization of teachers’ policy leadership. We draw on data collected through a series of 3 focus group interviews with 31 secondary school teachers in Ontario between July 2020 and February 2021 to show how the dynamism of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted this aspect of their work. Specifically, our findings show the influence of administrative support and the shifting external, situated, and spatial contexts on teachers’ policy leadership. The findings also highlight the role of refusal and creative reinterpretation of educators who prioritized student well-being during the pandemic as schooling transitioned from more flexible emergency remote learning to a less flexible “business as usual” approach.

References

Anderson, S. E., & Jaafar, B. (2003). Policy trends in Ontario education (ICEC Working Paper). http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~icec/policytrends.pdf

Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., & Braun, A. (2012). How schools do policy: Policy enactments in

secondary schools. Routledge.

Bartlett, L., & Vavrus, F. (2016). Rethinking case study research: A comparative approach. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315674889

Basu, R. (2004). The rationalization of neoliberalism in Ontario’s public education system, 1995–2000. Geoforum, 35(5), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.03.003

Beachum, F., & Dentith, A. M. (2004). Teacher leaders creating cultures of school renewal and transformation. The Educational Forum, 68(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131720408984639

Bedard, G. J., & Lawion, S. B. (2008). The struggle for power and control: Shifting

policy-making models and the Harris agenda for education in Ontario. Canadian Public Administration, 43(3), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.2000.tb01848.x

Bocking, P. (2020). Public education, neoliberalism, and teachers: New York, Mexico City, Toronto. University of Toronto Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/york/detail.action?docID=6154665

Boin, A., & Hart, P. ’t. H. (2003). Public leadership in times of crisis: Mission impossible? Public Administration Review, 63(5), 544–553.

Bowe, R., Ball, S. J., & Gold, A. (1992). Reforming education and changing schools: Case studies in policy sociology. Routledge.

CBC News. (2021, March 25). Ontario considering making online school a permanent option. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/permanent-online-school-1.5964008

Cohen, D. (2022). Any time, any place, any way, any pace: Markets, EdTech, and the spaces of schooling. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 0308518X221084708. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221084708

Cooper, A., Timmons, K., & MacGregor, S. (2021). Exploring how Ontario teachers adapted to learn-at-home initiatives during COVID-19: Blending technological and pedagogical expertise in a time of growing inequities. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 15(2), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v15i2.6726

Croll, P., Abbott, D., Broadfoot, P., Osborn, M., & Pollard, A. (1994). Teachers and education policy: Roles and models. British Journal of Educational Studies, 42(4), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/3121675

Derrington, M. L., & Anderson, L. S. (2020). Expanding the role of teacher leaders: Professional learning for policy advocacy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 28(68). http://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1255605

Eckert, J., Ulmer, J., Khachatryan, E., & Ledesma, P. (2016). Career pathways of teacher leaders in the United States: Adding and path-finding new professional roles. Professional

Development in Education, 42(5), 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2015.1084644

Ellis, V., Mansell, W., & Steadman, S. (2021). A new political economy of teacher development: England’s teaching and leadership innovation fund. Journal of Education Policy, 36(5), 605–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2020.1717001

Evers, J., & Kneyber, R. (Eds.). (2015). Flip the system: Changing education from the ground up. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315678573

Farhadi, B., & Winton, S. (2021). Building a plane while flying: Crisis policy enactment during COVID-19 in Alberta secondary schools. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 15(2), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.22329/jtl.v15i2.6725

Gallagher-Mackay, K., Srivastava, P., Underwood, K., Dhuey, E., McCready, L., Born, K. B., Maltsev, A., Perkhun, A., Steiner, R., Barrett, K., & Sander, B. (2021). COVID-19 and

education disruption in Ontario: Emerging evidence on impacts. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table. https://doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.34.1.0

Gidney, R. D. (1999). From Hope to Harris: The reshaping of Ontario’s schools. University of

Toronto Press. https://books-scholarsportal-info.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/en/read?id=/ebooks/ebooks0/gibson_crkn/2009-12-01/6/417950

Hedges, S., Winton, S., Rowe, E., & Lubienski, C. (2020). Private actors and public goods: A comparative case study of funding and public governance in K-12 education in 3 global cities. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 52(1), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2019.1685474

Heineke, A. J., Ryan, A. M., & Tocci, C. (2015). Teaching, learning, and leading: Preparing teachers as educational policy actors. Journal of Teacher Education, 66(4), 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487115592031

Katzenmayer, M., & Moller, G. (2001). Awakening the sleeping giant: Helping teachers develop as leaders (2nd ed.). Corwin Press. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED454185

Levinson, B. A. U., Sutton, M., & Winstead, T. (2009). Education policy as a practice of power: Theoretical tools, ethnographic methods, democratic options. Educational Policy, 23(6), 767–795.

Lichtman, M. (2013). Qualitative research in education: A user’s guide (3rd ed.). SAGE

Publications.

Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services (30th anniversary expanded ed.). Russell Sage Foundation.

Little, J. W. (2003). Constructions of teacher leadership in three periods of policy and reform activism. School Leadership & Management, 23(4), 401–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363243032000150944

Massey, D. B. (2005). For space. SAGE.

McCreary, T., Basu, R., & Godlewska, A. (2013). Critical geographies of education: Introduction to the special issue: Introduction. The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien, 57(3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12031

Miller, N. (2007). Teacher perceptions of the effects of removing the principals and

vice-principals from the bargaining units in Ontario [Unpublished master’s thesis].

Nipissing University, Faculty of Education. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/92861

Neumerski, C. M. (2013). Rethinking instructional leadership, a aeview: What do we know about principal, teacher, and coach instructional leadership, and where should we go from here? Educational Administration Quarterly, 49(2), 310–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X12456700

Nguyen, N., Cohen, D., & Huff, A. (2017). Catching the bus: A call for critical geographies of education. Geography Compass, 11(8), e12323. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12323

Nguyen, D., Harris, A., & Ng, D. (2020). A review of the empirical research on teacher

leadership (2003–2017): Evidence, patterns and implications. Journal of Educational

Administration, 58(1), 60–80. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/10.1108/JEA-02-2018-0023

Ontario. (2020a, March 31). Letters to Ontario’s parents from the Minister of Education. Ontario. http://www.ontario.ca/page/letter-ontarios-parents-minister-education

Ontario. (2020b, August 13). Policy/program memorandum 164. Ontario. https://www.ontario.ca/document/education-ontario-policy-and-program-direction/policyprogram-memorandum-164

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (n.d.). Actions consistent with a human rights-based

approach to managing the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/actions-consistent-human-rights-based-approach-managing-covid-19-pandemic

Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2020, July 13). Letter to the Minister of Education about convening a return-to-school partnership table. Ontario Human Rights Commission. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/news_centre/letter-minister-education-about-convening-return-school-partnership-table

Ontario Ministry of Education. (2010). Growing success: Assessment, evaluation, and reporting in Ontario Schools. Government of Ontario. http://www.edu.gov.on.ca

Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation. (2020, March 27). Distance-learning advisory work group. OSSTF/FEESO Update. https://osstfupdate.ca/2020/03/27/distance-learning-advisory-work-group/

Ozga, J. (2000). Policy research in educational settings: Contested terrain. Open University Press.

Paikin, S. (2020, April 23). Why Stephen Lecce is the luckiest politician in Ontario today. TVO.Org. https://www.tvo.org/article/why-stephen-lecce-is-the-luckiest-politician-in-ontario-today

Parekh, G., Killoran, I., & Crawford, C. (2011). The Toronto connection: Poverty, perceived ability, and access to education equity. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l’éducation, 34(3), 249–279.

People for Education. (2021, August 30). Comparing school COVID-19 policies across Canada. People for Education. https://peopleforeducation.ca/our-work/comparing-school-covid-19-policies-across-canada/

Pressley, T. (2021). Actors contributing to teacher burnout during COVID-19. Educational

Researcher, 50(5), 325–327. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X211004138

Simons, M., Olssen, M., & Peters, M. (2009). Part 1: The critical education policy orientation. In M. Simons, M. Olssen, & M. Peters (Eds.), Re-reading education policies: A handbook studying the policy agenda of the 21st century (pp. 1–35). Sense Publishers.

Smylie, M. A. (1995). New perspectives on teacher leadership. The Elementary School Journal, 96(1), 3–7.

Smylie, M. A., & Eckert, J. (2018). Beyond superheroes and advocacy: The pathway of teacher leadership development. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(4), 556–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143217694893

Sullivan, A. M., & Morrison, C. (2014). Enacting policy: The capacity of school leaders to support early career teachers through policy work. Australian Educational Researcher, 41(5), 603–620. ERIC. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-014-0155-y

Vinzant, J. C., & Crothers, L. (1998). Street-level leadership: Discretion and legitimacy in front-line public service. Georgetown University Press.

Wenner, J. A., & Campbell, T. (2017). The theoretical and empirical basis of teacher leadership: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 87(1), 134–171. ERIC. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316653478

Winton, S. (2018). Challenging fundraising, challenging inequity: Contextual constraints on advocacy groups’ policy influence. Critical Studies in Education, 59(1), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2016.1176062

Winton, S. (2019). Coordinating policy layers of school fundraising in Toronto, Ontario, Canada: An institutional ethnography. Educational Policy, 33(1), 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904818807331

Yoon, E.-S., & Winton, S. (2019). Multiple privatisations in public education: Issues, theories, and conversations. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 52(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220620.2019.1693984

York-Barr, J., & Duke, K. (2004). What do we know about teacher leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 255–316.

Downloads

Published

2022-09-21