Intergenerational Tyranny and Capitalist Markets
The 2015 Paris Agreement in The Perfect Moral Storm
Keywords:
Climate change, Climate agreements, climate justiceAbstract
As I have long been convinced by the significance of the perfect moral storm analysis, especially its intergenerational dimension (Fritsch 2018), I will not here discuss Gardiner’s apt use of it to argue that Paris failed and was insufficient from the beginning. Rather, I want to ask how complete Gardiner takes his explanation to be. Specifically, I will suggest that the diagnosis of insufficient action on climate change and environmental destabilization more broadly must take into account the role of capitalist markets, esp. neoliberal or “rentier-capitalist” (Christophers 2024) energy markets. Accordingly, possible solutions should not just propose new political institutions but consider their relation to economic structures.
References
Ahmad, Fatima Maria, Jennifer Huang, and Bob Perciasepe. 2017. “The Paris Agreement Presents a Flexible Approach for US Climate Policy.” Carbon and Climate Law Review 11 (4): 283–91.
Bennett, Michael. 2021. “The Capital Flight Quadrilemma: Democratic Trade-Offs and International Investment.” Ethics & Global Politics 14 (4): 199–217.
https://doi.org/10.1080/16544951.2021.1993646.
Block, Fred. 1977. “The Ruling Class Does Not Rule: Notes on the Marxist Theory of the State.” Socialist Revolution 33 (7): 6–28.
Blühdorn, Ingolfur. 2013. “The Governance of Unsustainability: Ecology and Democracy beyond the Post-Democratic Turn’.” Environmental Politics 22 (1): 16–36.
Boston, Jonathan, and Frieder Lempp. 2011. “Climate Change: Explaining and Solving the Mismatch between Scientific Urgency and Political Inertia.” Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 24 (8): 1000–1021.
Brand, Ulrich, and Markus Wissen. 2021. The Imperial Mode of Living: Everyday Life and the Ecological Crisis of Capitalism. Translated by Zachary Murphy King. London: Verso.
Brulle, Robert J. 2019. “Networks of Opposition: A Structural Analysis of U.S. Climate Change Countermovement Coalitions 1989–2015.” Sociological Inquiry 91:603–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12333.
Buchner, Barbara, and Jane Wilkinson. 2015. “The Paris Agreement Is a Signal to Unlock Trillions in Climate Finance.” Climate Policy Initiative.
Gardiner, We Never Had Paris 13
Carrington, Damian. 2023a. “Cop28 Failed to Halt Fossil Fuels’ Deadly Expansion Plans – so What Now?” The Guardian. December 14. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/dec/14/cop28-fossil-fuels-deadlyexpansion-plans-what-now?
———. 2023b. “‘Insanity’: Petrostates Planning Huge Expansion of Fossil Fuels, Says UN Report.” The Guardian., November 8. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/08/insanity-petrostates-planninghuge-expansion-of-fossil-fuels-says-un-report
Carter, Alan. 1996. “Eco-Authoritarianism, Eco-Reformism or Eco-Marxism?: Part Two of ’Foundations for Developing a Green Political Theory’.” Cogito 10 (2): 115–23.
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2017. “The Politics of Climate Change Is More Than the Politics of Capitalism.” Theory, Culture & Society 34 (2–3): 25–37.
———. 2021. The Climate of History in a Planetary Age. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Chancel, Lucas, and Thomas Piketty. 2015. “Carbon and Inequality: From Kyoto to Paris Trends in the Global Inequality of Carbon Emissions (1998-2013) & Prospects for an Equitable Adaptation Fund.” http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/les/ChancelPiketty2015.pdf.
Christiano, Thomas. 2010. “The Uneasy Relationship between Democracy and Capital.” Social Philosophy and Policy 27 (1): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052509990082.
Christophers, Brett. 2022. Rentier Capitalism: Who Owns the Economy, and Who Pays for It? Verso.
———. 2024. The Prices Is Wrong. Why Capitalism Won’t Save the Planet. Verso.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. “The Economic Basis of Deliberative Democracy.” Social Philosophy and Policy 6 (2): 25–50. https://doi.org/oi:10.1017/S0265052500000625.
Foster, John Bellamy, Brett Clark, and Richard York. 2010. The Ecological Rift. Capitalism’s War on the Earth. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Fraser, Nancy. 2022. Cannibal Capitalism. How Our System Is Devouring Democracy, Care, and the Planet and What We Can Do About It. Verso.
Canadian Journal of Environmental Philosophy 14
Fritsch, Matthias. 2018. Taking Turns with the Earth: Phenomenology, Deconstruction, and Intergenerational Justice. Stanford University Press.
———. 2023a. “Climate Change and Democracy.” In Handbook of the Philosophy of Climate Change, edited by Gianfranco Pellegrino and Marcello Paola. Cham: Springer.
———. 2023b. “Democratic Representation, Environmental Justice, and Future People.” In Representations and Rights of the Environment, edited by Peter Stoett and Sandy Lamalle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2023c. “Why Democrats Should Be Committed to Future Generations.” Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 62 (3): 459–74.
Gardiner, Stephen. 2011. A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. Oxford University Press.
———. 2024. “Guidelines for a Global Constitutional Convention for Future Generations.” In Intercultural Philosophy and Environmental Justice between Generations: Indigenous, African, Asian, and Western Perspectives, edited by Hiroshi Abe, Matthias Fritsch, and Mario Wenning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gonzalez-Ricoy, Inigo, and Axel Gosseries, eds. 2016. Institutions for Future Generations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 1. Cambridge: Polity.
———. 1985. The Theory of Communicative Action, Volume 2. Cambridge: Polity.
Habermas, Jurgen. 1999. “The European Nation-State and the Pressures of Globalization.” New Left Review 235:46–59.
Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Wiley-Blackwell.
Horkheimer, Max. 1974. Eclipse of Reason. London: Seabury Press.
Hornborg, Alf. 2011. Global Ecology and Unequal Exchange: Fetishism in a Zero-Sum World. London: Routledge.
Jessop, B. 2009. “The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Globalizing Capital and Their Impact on State Power and Democracy.” In High-Speed Society: Social Acceleration, Power, and Modernity, edited by H. Rosa and W.E. Scheuerman, 135–58. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Gardiner, We Never Had Paris 15
Khalfan, Ashfaq, Lewis Nilsson, Carlos Aguilar, Max Lawson, Safa Jayoussi, Jaqueline
Persson, Nafkote Dabi, and Sunil Acharya. 2023. “Climate Equality: A Planet for the
99%.” Oxfam International. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/climate-equality-aplanet-for-the-99-621551/
Klein, Naomi. 2014. This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate. Knopf Canada.
Lamb, William F., Giulio Mattioli, Sebastian Levi, J. Timmons Roberts, Stuart Capstick, Felix Creutzig, Jan C. Minx, Finn Müller-Hansen, Trevor Culhane, and Julia K. Steinberger.
2020. “Discourses of Climate Delay.” Global Sustainability 3:e17.
https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.13.
Lessenich, Stephan. 2019. Living Well at Others’ Expense: The Hidden Costs of Western Prosperity. Polity.
Lessig, Lawrence. 2011. Republic, Lost. How Money Corrupts Congress—and a Plan to Stop It. New York: Twelve.
Lindblom, Charles E. 1982. “The Market as Prison.” Journal of Politics 44 (2): 324–36.
MacKenzie, M.K. 2016. “Institutional Design and Sources of Short-Termism.” In Institutions for Future Generations, edited by I. Gonzalez-Ricoy and A. Gosseries, 24–46. Oxford University Press.
Malm, Andreas. 2016. Fossil Capital: The Rise of Steam Power and the Roots of Global Warming. London: Verso.
Malm, Andreas, and Alf Hornborg. 2014. “The Geology of Mankind? A Critique of the Anthropocene Narrative.” The Anthropocene Review 1 (1): 62–69.
Mansbridge, Jane. 2012. “On the Importance of Getting Things Done.” PS: Political Science and Politics 45 (1): 1–8.
Marx, Karl. 1992. Capital Volume 1, transl. Ben Fowkes. London: Penguin.
Moellendorf, Darrel. 2022. Mobilizing Hope Climate Change and Global Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nichols, John, and Robert W. McChesney. 2013. Dollarocracy: How the Money and Media Election Complex Is Destroying America. New York: Nation Books.
Canadian Journal of Environmental Philosophy 16
Oksala, Johanna. 2015. “The Paris Climate Deal: Just Words? Or Just Enough to Move the Earth?” https://publicseminar.org/2015/12/the-paris-climate-deal-justwords/#.VsTbzaVtdz8.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paehlke, Robert C. 1989. Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 2010. Democracy and the Limits of Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam, and Michael Wallerstein. 1988. “The Structural Dependence of the State on Capital.” The American Political Science Review 82 (1): 11–29.
https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10/bhh3kv.
Rosa, Hartmut. 2010. Alienation and Acceleration: Towards a Critical Theory of Late-Modern Temporality. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Saito, Kohei. 2023. Marx in the Anthropocene: Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shue, Henry. 2022. The Pivotal Generation: Why We Have a Moral Responsibility to Slow Climate Change Right Now. Princeton University Press.
Supran, G., S. Rahmstorf, and N. Oreskes. 2023. “Assessing ExxonMobil’s Global Warming Projections.” Science 379 (6628).
Thompson, Janna. 2013. “Intergenerational Relations and Moral Motivation.” paper read at “Nature Time Responsibility” Conference. China: University of Macau.
UNEP. 2023 “Production Gap Report.” United Nations Environment Program.
https://www.unep.org/resources/production-gap-report-2023.
Verbruggen, Aviel. 2022. “The Geopolitics of Trillion US$ Oil & Gas Rents.” International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management 36 (December):3–10.
https://doi.org/10.54337/ijsepm.7395.
Wright, Erik Olin. 2010. Envisioning Real Utopias. London: Verso.
Gardiner, We Never Had Paris 17
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthias Fritsch

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.